{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:56:03Z","timestamp":1777514163423,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>An acute gastroenteritis outbreak occurred at a private college in June 2014 in northwest China. This outbreak involved two teachers and 629 students (range: 17\u201327 years, average 21.3 years). The main symptoms included non-bloody watery diarrhea, stomach ache, nausea, and vomiting, and the duration of illness ranged from 1 to 7 days. Eight of 18 water samples were disqualified. Thirty-four norovirus (NoV) RNA-positive samples were identified from 48 stool-related samples (genotyping results: 13 GII, 13 GI and 8 GI + GII mixture). Fourteen NoV samples were successfully characterized for genotype, including two GII.6, five GI.6, four GI.3, and three GI.1. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enteroadherent Escherichia coli (EAEC) DNA was detected from patient stool specimens and water samples from well one; two EAEC strains and one EPEC strain were isolated from patient stool specimens. The risk ratios (RRs) associated with wells one and two were 1.66 and 1.49, respectively, and the RR associated with living in north dormitory building one was 2.59. The patients' epidemiological characteristics, symptoms, and duration of illness indicated that NoV-contaminated water might be the origin of this outbreak, and RR analysis suggested that the two wells were linked to the outbreak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2018.202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T13:20:14Z","timestamp":1524662414000},"page":"508-515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A gastroenteritis outbreak associated with drinking water in a college in northwest China"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710043, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256, Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiu'E","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, No. 30, Fenxiang, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafiz Muhammad","family":"Ishaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710043, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3, Jiandong Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengbo","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3, Jiandong Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiru","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710043, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaofeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032615415266100_JWH-D-17-00202C1","first-page":"289","article-title":"Indicators of microbial water quality","volume-title":"Water Quality \u2013 Guidelines, Standards and Health: Assessment of Risk and Risk Management for Water-Related Infectious Disease","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032615415266100_JWH-D-17-00202C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06712-11","article-title":"Contribution of intra- and interhost dynamics to norovirus evolution","volume":"86","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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