{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:03:58Z","timestamp":1790651038535,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The opportunistic, waterborne pathogen Legionella caused 9,933 cases of Legionnaires' disease in 2018 in the United States (CDC.gov). The incidence of Legionnaires' disease can be reduced by maintaining clean building water systems through water management programs (WMPs). WMPs often include validation testing to confirm the control of bacteria, but the traditional culture method for enumerating Legionella requires 10\u201314 days to obtain results. A rapid DNA extraction developed by Phigenics and a real-time PCR negative screen for the genus Legionella provided results the day after sampling. This study evaluated the Next Day Legionella PCR (Phigenics, LLC) compared with the traditional culture method (ISO 11731) on 11,125 building water samples for approximately 1 year. Two DNA extraction methods (Methods 1 and 2) were compared. The negative predictive value (NPV) of the Next Day Legionella PCR in comparison to traditional culture for Method 1 was 99.95%, 99.92%, 99.85%, and 99.17% at &amp;gt;10, &amp;gt;2, &amp;gt;1, and &amp;gt;0.1 CFU\/ml limits of detection, respectively. The improved DNA extraction (Method 2) increased the NPV to 100% and 99.88% at &amp;gt;1 and &amp;gt;0.1 CFU\/ml, respectively. These results demonstrate the reliability of the genus-level Legionella PCR negative screen to predict culture-negative water samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2020.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T02:12:25Z","timestamp":1588817545000},"page":"345-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Next Day Legionella PCR: a highly reliable negative screen for Legionella in the built environment"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phigenics Research and Innovation Team, Nevada Center for Applied Research, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah P.","family":"Wickenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phigenics Research and Innovation Team, Nevada Center for Applied Research, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley F.","family":"Leonidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phigenics Analytical Services Laboratory (PASL), Warrenville, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Ranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phigenics Analytical Services Laboratory (PASL), Fayetteville, AR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phigenics Analytical Services Laboratory (PASL), Warrenville, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael M.","family":"Buford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phigenics Analytical Services Laboratory (PASL), Fayetteville, AR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William F.","family":"McCoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phigenics Research and Innovation Team, Nevada Center for Applied Research, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-008-9275-9","article-title":"Long-term survival of Legionella pneumophila in the viable but nonculturable state after monochloramine treatment","volume":"57","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.08.032","article-title":"VBNC legionella pneumophila cells are still able to produce virulence proteins","volume":"47","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C3","unstructured":"ANSI\/ASHRAE Stand\n          2018\n          Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems. ANSI\/ASHRAE Stand."},{"issue":"7","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Shift in the microbial ecology of a hospital hot water system following the introduction of an on-site monochloramine disinfection system","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C5","unstructured":"CDC\n          2016a\n          Legionnaires Disease Signs and Symptoms. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/legionella\/about\/signs-symptoms.html (accessed25 March 2019)."},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C6","unstructured":"CDC\n          2016b\n          Legionnaires' Disease. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/legionella\/downloads\/fs-legionnaires.pdf (accessed 25 March 19)."},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C7","volume-title":"Developing a Water Management Program to Reduce Legionella Growth & Spread in Buildings","author":"CDC","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C8","unstructured":"CMS\n          2017\n          Requirement to Reduce Legionella Risk in Healthcare Facility Water Systems to Prevent Cases and Outbreaks of Legionnaires' Disease (LD)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13461","article-title":"Evaluation of Legionella real-time PCR against traditional culture for routine and public health testing of water samples","volume":"122","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02878-08","article-title":"Viability PCR, a culture-independent method for rapid and selective quantification of viable Legionella pneumophila cells in environmental water samples","volume":"75","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.01.058","article-title":"Starved viable but non-culturable (VBNC) Legionella strains can infect and replicate in amoebae and human macrophages","volume":"141","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.09.010","article-title":"Overestimation of the Legionella spp. load in environmental samples by quantitative real-time PCR: pretreatment with propidium monoazide as a tool for the assessment of an association between Legionella concentration and sanitary risk","volume":"80","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"15","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02899-07","article-title":"A PCR-based method for monitoring Legionella pneumophila in water samples detects viable but Noncultivable Legionellae that can recover their cultivability","volume":"74","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C14","first-page":"215","article-title":"Viable but not culturable forms of Legionella pneumophila generated after heat shock treatment are infectious for macrophage-like and alveolar epithelial cells after resuscitation on Acanthamoeba polyphaga","volume":"69","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C15","volume-title":"Water Quality \u2013 Enumeration of Legionella","author":"ISO 11731","year":"2017","edition":"2nd edn"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.318","article-title":"Environmental validation of Legionella control in a VHA facility water system","volume":"39","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1086\/340738","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of an outbreak of legionnaires disease","volume":"35","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distribution of Legionella and bacterial community composition among regionally diverse US cooling towers","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"21","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420210049006","article-title":"Surveillance for Legionnaires\u2019 disease","volume":"154","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4030513","article-title":"HACCP-based programs for preventing disease and injury from premise plumbing: a building consensus","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.03.062","article-title":"Inaccuracy in Legionella tests of building water systems due to sample holding time","volume":"46","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"S","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C22","first-page":"93","article-title":"The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria","volume":"43","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C23","unstructured":"Thermo Fisher\n          2016\n          Package Insert: Legionella Latex Test From Oxoid, UK (Thermo Fisher), Package Insert."},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C24","unstructured":"Veterans Health Administration\n          2014\n          VHA Directive 1061: Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Legionella Disease and Scald Injury From Potable Water Distribution Systems."},{"issue":"9","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.5022-5028.2005","article-title":"Membrane damage and microbial inactivation by chlorine in the absence and presence of a chlorine-demanding substrate","volume":"71","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1332","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Real-time continuous surveillance of temperature and flow events presents a novel monitoring approach for hospital and healthcare water distribution systems","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C27","volume-title":"Water Safety in Buildings","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020100510265141500_JWH-D-20-00004C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02399-06","article-title":"Integrated real-time PCR for detection and monitoring of Legionella pneumophila in water systems","volume":"73","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/18\/3\/345\/759666\/jwh0180345.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/18\/3\/345\/759666\/jwh0180345.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T14:28:09Z","timestamp":1601908089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/18\/3\/345\/74044\/Next-Day-Legionella-PCR-a-highly-reliable-negative"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2020.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]}}}