{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:22:18Z","timestamp":1789266138822,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004424","name":"Water Research Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K5\/2347\/\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K5\/2347\/\/3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004424","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["93621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Until recently, research has focused on Clostridium perfringens in clinical settings without considering environmental isolates. In this study, environmental genomes were used to investigate possible antibiotic resistance and the presence of virulence traits in C. perfringens strains from raw surface water. In silico assembly of three C. perfringens strains, DNA generated almost complete genomes setting their length ranging from 3.4 to 3.6 Mbp with GC content of 28.18%. An average of 3,175 open reading frames was identified, with the majority associated with carbohydrate and protein metabolisms. The genomes harboured several antibiotic resistance genes for glycopeptides, macrolide\u2013lincosamide\u2013streptogramin B, \u03b2-lactam, trimethoprim, tetracycline and aminoglycosides and also the presence of several genes encoding for polypeptides and multidrug resistance efflux pumps and 35 virulence genes. Some of these encode for haemolysins, sialidase, hyaluronidase, collagenase, perfringolysin O and phospholipase C. All three genomes contained sequences indicating phage, antibiotic resistance and pathogenic islands integration sites. A genomic comparison of these three strains confirmed high similarity and shared core genes with clinical C. perfringens strains, highlighting their health security risks. This study provides a genomic insight into the potential pathogenicity of C. perfringens present in the environment and emphasises the importance of monitoring this niche in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2020.029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T18:40:51Z","timestamp":1590604851000},"page":"477-493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Inside environmental Clostridium perfringens genomes: antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factors and genomic features"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Johannes Cornelius Jacobus","family":"Fourie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelius Carlos","family":"Bezuidenhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz Janusz","family":"Sanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Mienie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasheed","family":"Adeleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.20863v2"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0401-z"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw387"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7904-7910.2001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.149"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.5.1041"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00258"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.10.005"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00680-8"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025247"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47505-0"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044449"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.973-980.2005"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.02.025"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162981"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2004.10.005"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-20","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2016","edition":"26"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801307010059"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00035-13"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro884"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.08.030"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M401701200"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-1334-6"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00407-19"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.3.664-671.2000"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.27.4.660-663.1989"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.10.003"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.2.279"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08958.x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.03.001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0151-z"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0144-8"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02485"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-018-0704-2"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/42.2.245"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh325"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000760"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8110341"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0217-6"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbw141"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0073"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053757"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00338-10"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7078180"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5238106"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8070207"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1226"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ampbs.2017.02.001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01748-07"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-17"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.065060-0"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-019-0220-x"},{"issue":"65","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-56","article-title":"Bacterial \u2018Grounded\u2019 prophages: hotspots for genetic renovation and innovation","volume":"10","author":"Ramisetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Genetics"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ma15039"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/MB:20:3:261"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118156247.ch7","article-title":"Mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance and lessons learned from environmental tetracycline-resistant bacteria","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment","author":"Roberts","year":"2011"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00909-10"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.52.1.333"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.46.5.1169-1175.1983"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-63","first-page":"111","article-title":"Vancomycin resistance genes in various organisms\u2014an in silico study","volume":"5","author":"Sanakal","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Biometric and Bioinformatics"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55443"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MRM.0000000000000154"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.022493799"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.2.561-568.2001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00320.x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10766290252913755"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-70","first-page":"954","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance among Clostridium perfringens isolated from various sources in Thailand","volume":"36","author":"Tansuphasiri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw569"},{"issue":"Sep","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acquired antibiotic resistance genes: an overview","volume":"2","author":"Van Hoek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1427-5"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-019-01779-y"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/1106.041204"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz333"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.029-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku985"}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/18\/4\/477\/731092\/jwh0180477.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/18\/4\/477\/731092\/jwh0180477.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T17:53:02Z","timestamp":1598291582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/18\/4\/477\/74432\/Inside-environmental-Clostridium-perfringens"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2020.029","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]}}}