{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:10:36Z","timestamp":1791335436106,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Bangladesh","award":["07-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07-2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) technique was applied to assess the public health risk from exposure to infectious microorganisms at bathing areas of three rivers in Bangladesh. The QMRA assessed the probability of illness due to the accidental ingestion of river water impacted by untreated sewage. The simplified QMRA was based on average concentrations of four reference pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, Cryptosporidium spp, norovirus and rotavirus relative to indicator bacterium E. coli. Public health risk was estimated as the probability of infection and illness from a single exposure of bathers. The risks of illness were ranged from 7 to 10% for E. coli O157:H7, 13 to 19% for Cryptosporidium, 7 to 10% for norovirus and 12 to 17% for rotavirus. The overall risk of illness at the rivers was slightly higher in children (9\u201319%) compared to adults (7\u201316%). The risks of illness in individuals exposed to the river bathing were unacceptably high, exceeding the USEPA acceptable risk of 3\u20136 illnesses per hundred bathing events. This study gives a basis for reducing the burden of disease in the population by applying appropriate risk management. Findings and methods of this study will be helpful for other countries with similar socio-economic and geographic settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2020.045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T12:30:46Z","timestamp":1590669046000},"page":"292-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Quantifying public health risks from exposure to waterborne pathogens during river bathing as a basis for reduction of disease burden"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"M. M. Majedul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Atikul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020100510263485000_JWH-D-20-00045C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2008.1066.1075","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 among diarrhoeic HIV\/AIDS patients in the eastern cape province-South Africa","volume":"11","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020100510263485000_JWH-D-20-00045C2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biochemical and PCR assay for detection of pathogenic bacteria at shrimp and shrimp farms in Bangladesh","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fisheries and Aquaculture 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