{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:02:33Z","timestamp":1776132153407,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study aimed to understand the exposure levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) in an indoor swimming pool and calculate the risks of exposure to THMs, based on the presence of each THM species, of children swimmers aged 6\u201317, in Beijing, China. We obtained exposure factors for the children through questionnaires and measured THM concentrations through laboratory tests, and we combined the results with an exposure model to calculate the risks, with consideration of different exposure routes (oral ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption). In terms of exposure factors for the swimmers aged 6\u201317, the average body weight, exposure duration, exposure frequency, swimming time, shower time, changing time, warm-up exercise and rest time, skin surface area and ingestion rate of pool water were 40.46 kg, 2.70 years, 96 events\/year, 64.03 min\/event, 17.04 min\/event, 15.31 min\/event, 12.71 min\/event, 1.37 m2 and 48.93 ml\/event, respectively. The THM concentrations in swimming pool water, shower water, swimming pool air and locker room air were 67.17 \u03bcg\/L, 12.64 \u03bcg\/L, 358.66 \u03bcg\/m3 and 40.98 \u03bcg\/m3, respectively. The average cancer risk of THMs was 5.44 \u00d7 10\u22126, which is an unacceptable risk according to the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Guidelines. The average hazard index was 0.007, i.e., less than 1, indicating that the noncancer risk was acceptable. Chloroform (TCM) was the main substance in four species of THMs and inhalation exposure was the main exposure pathway. The risk of cancer and noncancer from inhalation exposure to THMs accounts for 97\u201399% of the total risk. As a result, the disease control authorities and administrative department should pay attention to the health and safety of swimming facilities and, at the same time, establish standards for THMs in the air through further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2020.188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T08:00:10Z","timestamp":1594281610000},"page":"533-544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessment of exposure of children swimmers to trihalomethanes in an indoor swimming pool"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xiaoshuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoxia","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.10.037"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05049-6","article-title":"Estimation and exposure concentration of trihalomethanes (THMs) and its human carcinogenic risk in supplied pipeline water of Dhaka City, Bangladesh","volume":"26","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0032"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.10.011"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4719-8"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ns.2010.22011"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-7","first-page":"77","article-title":"Study on quadratic curve regression of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride detection in water","volume":"52","author":"Daizhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis Part"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.07.005"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.10.003"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.017"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.02.029"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.11.055"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.02.011"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.05.032"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-15","unstructured":"IRIS 2005 Integrated Risk Information System[EB\/OL]. (2005-12-30)[9]. http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/iris\/subst\/."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112435"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.11.021"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-18","volume-title":"Study on Simulation Method of Trihalomethane in Indoor Swimming Pool and Human Health Risk Assessment","author":"Lu","year":"2017"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2013.10.005"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-20","volume-title":"GB37488-2019 Sanitary Standards for Swimming Places","author":"Ministry of Health of the PRC","year":"2019"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2018.178"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paopuree P., Panyakapo M., Soontornchai S. 2010 Multi-pathway Cancer Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes Exposure From Chlorinated tap Water and Indoor Swimming Pool. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCENG.2010.5560402"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.10.061"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-24","unstructured":"RAIS 2005 Risk Assessment Information System[EB\/OL]. (2005-12-30)[9]. http:\/\/rais.ornl.gov\/homepage\/rap_docs.shtml."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2013.11.007"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S134794"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.01.025"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.690706"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.04.011"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-30","unstructured":"USEPA 2009 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS), Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment) Interim."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0032-x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.07.029"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-33","unstructured":"Xiaoli D. 2013 Research Report on Environmental Exposure Behavior Patterns of Chinese Population. China Environmental Press."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-015-0797-7"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2020.188-35","volume-title":"Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population(Adult[M]","author":"Zhao","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/18\/4\/533\/731024\/jwh0180533.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/18\/4\/533\/731024\/jwh0180533.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T17:53:33Z","timestamp":1598291613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/18\/4\/533\/75305\/Assessment-of-exposure-of-children-swimmers-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2020.188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]}}}