{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:09:05Z","timestamp":1783393745123,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008414","name":"University of Canterbury","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Reusable medical devices are decontaminated and sterilized often many times by healthcare facilities across the globe. Reprocessing of medical devices comprises several processes and water plays an important role in some of these, including cleaning and steam sterilization. The water used is required to have certain qualities to ensure the effectiveness of the processes. In this short communication, we report findings of our study which measured quality parameters (pH, total hardness) for water used for medical device reprocessing in 13 primary and secondary care public hospitals in Nepal. The mean pH of water used for reprocessing of medical devices varied from 6.48 to 8.05 across the hospitals whereas the mean total hardness of water varied from 5.93 to 402.50 mg\/L CaCO3. Although the range of the mean water pH across hospitals fell within the recommended range, many of the hospitals had mean total hardness higher than recommended for cleaning medical devices. None of the hospitals had mean total hardness suitable for using as feed-water for steam generation. Public hospitals in Nepal should have appropriate water treatment systems so that the recommended water quality can be achieved to ensure effective decontamination and reprocessing of medical devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2021.071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T16:03:22Z","timestamp":1623859402000},"page":"682-686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quality of water for reprocessing of medical devices in healthcare facilities in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5316-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gopal","family":"Panta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann K.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-1","unstructured":"Department of Health Services \u2013 Ministry of Health and Population \u2013 Government of Nepal 2015 Annual Report 2013\/2014. Available from: http:\/\/dohs.gov.np\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Annual_Report_2070_71.pdf (accessed 20 October 2020)."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-2","unstructured":"Department of Health-UK 2016 Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 01-01: Management and Decontamination of Surgical Instruments (Medical Devices) Used in Acute Care. Part C: Steam Sterilization. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/management-and-decontamination-of-surgical-instruments-used-in-acute-care (accessed 26 July 2017)."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-3","unstructured":"Hanna Instruments Inc 2016 Total Hardness EPA Portable Photometer \u2013 HI96735. Available from: http:\/\/hannainst.com\/products\/portablephotometers\/hi96735-total-hardness-epa-portable-photometer.html (accessed 10 February 2016)."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-4","unstructured":"Instrument Reprocessing Working Group 2017 Instrument Reprocessing: Reprocessing of Instruments to Retain Value. Available from: https:\/\/8ad5d244-3245-4d36-bc7f-7e3589f4c29b.filesusr.com\/ugd\/e5e300_d8c2c54d2849453b89a265ae70443b19.pdf?index=true (accessed 20 October 2020)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-5","first-page":"30","article-title":"The essential elements of water quality","volume":"39","author":"Klacik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Healthcare Purchasing News"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2345\/0899-8205-54.4.304"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-7","first-page":"82","article-title":"Water quality and its impact on the decontamination process","volume":"8","author":"Lyon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Managing Infection Control"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819682","volume-title":"Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization: Types, Action, and Resistance","author":"McDonnell","year":"2017","edition":"2"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118321287","volume-title":"A Practical Guide to Decontamination in Healthcare","author":"McDonnell","year":"2012"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.13699.1"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225595"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.071-12","unstructured":"Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand 2014 Reprocessing of Reusable Medical Devices in Health Service Organizations."}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/19\/4\/682\/918028\/jwh0190682.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/19\/4\/682\/918028\/jwh0190682.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T22:20:00Z","timestamp":1628547600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/19\/4\/682\/82579\/Quality-of-water-for-reprocessing-of-medical"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2021.071","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]}}}