{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:01:40Z","timestamp":1777442500635,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/8-1 (70)\/2018-19-ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/8-1 (70)\/2018-19-ECD-II"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cholera localized outbreaks\/epidemics accounting for high morbidity and mortality have been reported in different years both from the coastal and tribal districts of Odisha. In the present study, the emergence and spread of two sequential cholera outbreaks reported in July to October 2012 from Rayagada and Kalahandi districts of Odisha was investigated. Environmental water samples from different sources and rectal swabs from diarrhoea patients were analysed for identification, antibiogram profiles and molecular studies using DMAMA-PCR assays. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was done on some selected Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from these cholera outbreak areas. Results showed 42% of rectal swabs and 2.3% of water samples collected from both the districts were positive for Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor carrying both ctxB1 and ctxB7 genotypes. The common resistance profile of V. cholerae O1 strains was ampicillin, nalidixic acid, furazolidone and co-trimoxazole. The PFGE analysis on selected V. cholerae O1 strains of ctxB1 and ctxB7 genotypes showed three pulsotypes with 96% similarity matrix exhibiting the relationship with their respective water sources. Hence, continuous surveillance is highly essential to monitor the antibiogram profile and changing pattern of ctxB genotypes of V. cholerae O1 in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2021.126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T16:24:07Z","timestamp":1636129447000},"page":"1021-1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Variants of <i>ctx<\/i>B alleles of <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i> O1 caused sequential cholera outbreaks in the tribal areas of Odisha, India"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bibhuti Bhusan","family":"Pal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2807-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smruti Ranjan","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9639-8820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish Kumar","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7605-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipti Ranjan","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swatishree","family":"Pany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7717-5592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghamitra","family":"Pati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-89","article-title":"The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance","volume":"5","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method","volume":"45","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C3","first-page":"195","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant and emergence of Haitian ctxB variant in the strains isolated from South India","volume":"205","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12731","article-title":"Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates responsible for cholera outbreaks in Kenya between 1975 and 2017","volume":"63","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.51","article-title":"Development and validation of a PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"3","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Borne Pathogen. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-392","article-title":"Cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of Nepal reveal clonal transmission of multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.4.1301-1314.1998","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae","volume":"62","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.3.729","article-title":"Excess female deaths among rural Bangladeshi children: an examination of cause specific mortality and morbidity","volume":"20","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.12.025","article-title":"Emergence and spread of tetracycline resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant during 2010 cholera epidemic in the tribal areas of Odisha, India","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02062-10","article-title":"Recombination shapes the structure of an environmental Vibrio cholerae population","volume":"77","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O292","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12393","article-title":"Haitian variant ctxB producing Vibrio cholerae O1 with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin is persistent in Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India, after causing a cholera outbreak","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56477","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056477","article-title":"Clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa of 2009 from Kolkota, India: preponderance of SXT element and presence of Haitian ctxB variant","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1409","article-title":"Cholera: calamitous past, ominous future","volume":"20","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00387-12","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a PCR assay for tracking the emergence and dissemination of Haitian variant ctxB in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from Kolkata, India","volume":"50","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01304-06","article-title":"Cholera due to altered El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh","volume":"44","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2020.364","article-title":"Spread of Haitian variant Vibrio cholerae O1 causing cholera outbreaks in Odisha, India","volume":"74","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.06.020","article-title":"Epidemics of severe cholera caused by El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa possessing the ctxB gene of the classical biotype in Orissa, India","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.585","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa strains carrying ctxb7 allele caused a large cholera outbreak during 2014 in the tribal areas of Odisha, India","volume":"70","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.110059","article-title":"Understanding the cholera epidemic, Haiti","volume":"17","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.10.003","article-title":"Evolution of new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1","volume":"18","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh413","article-title":"Prevalence of diarrhoea in the community in Australia, Canada, Ireland and the United States","volume":"34","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C22","first-page":"e499","article-title":"The epidemiology of hospitalization with diarrhea in rural Kenya: the utility of existing health facility data in developing countries","volume":"14","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7738","key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0818-3","article-title":"Genomic insights into the 2016\u20132017 cholera epidemic in Yemen","volume":"565","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021120717163378500_JWH-D-21-00126C24","volume-title":"Manual of Laboratory Infections of Acute Enteric Infections","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/19\/6\/1021\/972335\/jwh0191021.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/19\/6\/1021\/972335\/jwh0191021.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T17:17:26Z","timestamp":1638897446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/19\/6\/1021\/85064\/Variants-of-ctxB-alleles-of-Vibrio-cholerae-O1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2021.126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]}}}