{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:01:42Z","timestamp":1777442502312,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We investigated 22 water samples (17 well water and five pipe water \u2013 both chlorinated) and six soil samples from the surroundings of wells of the households of suspected patients from Palakkad district, Kerala (India), from where a cholera outbreak was reported during June\u2013July 2016. A total of 25 Vibrio cholerae isolates were collected from three well water samples during a recent cholera outbreak. Biochemical and serological studies revealed that all of the isolates belonged to serogroup O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa. PCR assays confirmed the occurrence of ctxB, ctxA, hlyA, tcpA El Tor,VPI, ace, zot, ompW, rfbO1 and toxR genes in all isolates. The presence of the ctxB gene of the classical biotype in all of the El Tor isolates suggests that it is a new variant of El Tor biotype. Antibiogram profile of all V. cholerae O1 isolates revealed resistance towards five classes of antibiotics island and indicates that they were multidrug resistant. ERIC-PCR and PFGE finger prints showed the clonal relationship among the V. cholerae O1 isolates. The results of this study revealed the emergence of a new variant of El Tor biotype in the water samples from Palakkad district, from where a cholera outbreak was reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2021.263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T10:56:02Z","timestamp":1617706562000},"page":"478-487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of <i>V. cholerae<\/i> O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa possessing the <i>ctxB<\/i> gene of the classical biotype isolated from well water associated with the cholera outbreak in Kerala, South India"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"P. S.","family":"Reethy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, India"},{"name":"Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. V.","family":"Lalitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183100"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-2","volume-title":"Current Protocols in Molecular Biology","author":"Ausubel","year":"1994"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-3","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute)","year":"2015","edition":"12"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-4","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute)","year":"2019","edition":"29"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.3.750"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1251"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-7","article-title":"V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and other Vibrio spp","volume-title":"Bacteriological Analytical Manual","author":"Elliot","year":"2005","edition":"8"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.5.1605-1606.2001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-9","first-page":"89","article-title":"Cholera in Kerala","volume":"42","author":"Geeta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-009-0171-7"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/230597"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.10.3375-3379.1990"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.073460"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90792-F"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.07.007"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.04020.x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.67.145"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.16.4737-4746.2001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3296-3299.2002"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01304-06"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4145-4151.2000"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-22","unstructured":"NCDC (National Centre For Disease Control) 2016 District Wise Disease Alerts\/outbreaks Reported in the 28th Week. Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (Idsp)."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.1.22-25.1993"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.06.020"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-25","first-page":"455","article-title":"Investigation of the outbreak of cholera in Alleppey and Palghat districts, south India","volume":"106","author":"Radhakutty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2421-2429.2001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp068144"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-28","first-page":"401","article-title":"Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae O1 serogroup in Assam, India: A hospital-based study","volume":"146","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0722-x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-30","volume-title":"Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Revision","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6823"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2021.263-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-4-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/478\/902825\/jwh0190478.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/478\/902825\/jwh0190478.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T18:14:14Z","timestamp":1624299254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/19\/3\/478\/81350\/Characterization-of-V-cholerae-O1-biotype-El-Tor"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2021.263","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]}}}