{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T21:19:04Z","timestamp":1784668744239,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Water quality improvement, sanitation, and hygiene have been demonstrated to have positive impacts on health, social, and economic development. However, global understanding of water quality, sanitation, and hygiene is limited. The study extracted data from the Joint Monitoring Programme (WHO\/UNICEF) and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) to estimate global water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) levels. Statistical tools of univariate and multivariate analyses were used to process global access to WASH. Results show that men (53%) had access to safe water compared to women. Women (67%), on the other hand, demonstrated better hygiene practices than men (33%). In addition, adults had access to safe water compared to children, the elderly, and strangers. Globally, there is low water quality in landlock developing countries compared to small island developing states. The categorisation of countries into economic states of low, upper-middle, and high-income countries directly affects water quality, sanitation, and hygiene. Continentally, Africa recorded the least water quality, sanitation, and hygiene levels. Thus, African countries must learn from the best practice in governmental policies and management systems from other continents regarding water improvement, sanitation, and hygiene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T10:58:07Z","timestamp":1651748287000},"page":"1091-1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Estimating global water, sanitation, and hygiene levels and related risks on human health, using global indicators data from 1990 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4588-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Aboah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2033-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael K.","family":"Miyittah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113506"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w10121711"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-3","author":"Banerjee","year":"2011"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3546-3"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-019-0039-9"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cuag.12053"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys184"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-8","author":"Desai","year":"2020"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14649880310001660201"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01253-8"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w11040637"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13060536"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutton G. & Varughese M. 2016 The Costs of Meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene.","DOI":"10.1596\/K8543"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-018-0320-2"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/215848","article-title":"Emerging water quality problems in developing countries","volume":"2014","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Scientific World Journal"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247417"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021909617698842"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10286600802002981"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.104975"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.05.004"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.11"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-100809-125342"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224065.2007.11917674"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-24","unstructured":"UNICEF 2018 Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools: Global Baseline Report 2018."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-25","unstructured":"UNICEF, & Unicef 2016 Strategy for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2016\u20132030."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-26","volume-title":"Water and Sanitation in the World's Cities: Local Action for Global Goals","author":"United Nations Human Settlements Programme","year":"2003"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2006.03.017"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-28","first-page":"10","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of intrusion detection systems: Snort and Suricata","author":"White","year":"2013"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-29","volume-title":"Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment","author":"WHO\/UNICEF Joint Water Supply, & Sanitation Monitoring Programme","year":"2015"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.213790"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Bank 2011 World development report 2011: Conflict, security, and development. The World Bank. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-0-8213-8439-8.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-8439-8"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-32","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2007 Economic and Health Effects of Increasing Coverage of low Cost Household Drinking-Water Supply and Sanitation Interventions to Countries off-Track to Meet MDG Target 10: Background Document to The\u2019 Human Development Report 2006\u2032 (No. WHO\/SDE\/WSH\/07.05). World Health Organization."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-33","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2018 WHO Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Strategy 2018\u20132025 (No. WHO\/CED\/PHE\/WSH\/18.03). World Health Organization."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-34","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2019 WHO Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Annual Report 2018 (No. WHO\/CED\/PHE\/WSH\/19.147). World Health Organization."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-35","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2020 WHO Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Annual Report 2019."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-36","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2021 Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 1990\u20132020: Five Years Into the SDGs."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.065-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geosus.2020.03.006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/20\/7\/1091\/1081939\/jwh0201091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/20\/7\/1091\/1081939\/jwh0201091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T04:02:31Z","timestamp":1659067351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/20\/7\/1091\/88606\/Estimating-global-water-sanitation-and-hygiene"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2022.065","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]}}}