{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:58:51Z","timestamp":1792040331329,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Portaria CAPES 76\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portaria CAPES 76\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Portaria CAPES n\u00ba76\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portaria CAPES n\u00ba76\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cryptosporidium and Giardia are the main etiologies of waterborne outbreaks caused by protozoa. These parasites are commonly detected in wastewater; however, there is little knowledge about the concentration of viable forms in treated sewage, mainly in small communities. To understand more about the presence of viable oocysts and cysts in domestic sewage, we monitored the affluent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in inner-city Brazil. Ten samplings and seven follow-ups were performed in 2020. Samples were concentrated by centrifugation, filtration and purified by fluctuation. Viability was accessed by propidium-monoazide (PMA) associated with nPCR and qPCR. Both viable protozoa were detected in all raw sewage samples (average: 438.5 viable oocysts\/L). Regarding treated sewage, Cryptosporidium was detected in all of the samples (average: 92.8 viable oocysts\/L) and Giardia was detected in 70% with viable cysts in 30%. Considering the follow-ups, 31.17% of Cryptosporidium viable oocysts remained in the effluent after the treatment. High amounts of Cryptosporidium and a high frequency of Giardia were detected, therefore both arrived at WWTP and were discharged into the river. These alert the presence of agro-industrial effluents into domestic sewage and demonstrated the effectiveness of the concentration technique for monitoring protozoa in wastewater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T15:40:22Z","timestamp":1660837222000},"page":"1405-1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High occurrence of viable forms of <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i> and <i>Giardia<\/i> in domestic sewage from an agricultural region of Brazil"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8815-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winni Alves","family":"Ladeia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Highway km 388, University Campus, Londrina, Paran\u00e1 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9162-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felippe Danyel Cardoso","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Highway km 388, University Campus, Londrina, Paran\u00e1 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7206-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz de Souza Lima","family":"Nino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Highway km 388, University Campus, Londrina, Paran\u00e1 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3604-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arielle da Cunha","family":"Silv\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Highway km 388, University Campus, Londrina, Paran\u00e1 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0295-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e9cia","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Highway km 388, University Campus, Londrina, Paran\u00e1 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Ossada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics College, S\u00e3o Paulo University, Professor Orlando M de Paiva Avenue, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6327-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas Aparecido","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Highway km 388, University Campus, Londrina, Paran\u00e1 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1826-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Luis","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Highway km 388, University Campus, Londrina, Paran\u00e1 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8522-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta Lemos","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Highway km 388, University Campus, Londrina, Paran\u00e1 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2023101915352908700_JWH-D-22-00127C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3922-9","article-title":"Quantification of viable Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater using propidium monoazide quantitative real-time PCR","volume":"113","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"20","key":"2023101915352908700_JWH-D-22-00127C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.013","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks \u2013 an 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