{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T13:35:44Z","timestamp":1776951344565,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004814","name":"California State Water Resources Control Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-011-400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-011-400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004814","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Using local sources (roof runoff, stormwater, graywater, and onsite wastewater) to meet non-potable water demands can minimize potable water use in buildings and increase supply reliability. In 2017, an Independent Advisory Panel developed a risk-based framework to identify pathogen log reduction targets (LRTs) for onsite non-potable water systems (ONWSs). Subsequently, California's legislature mandated the development and adoption of regulations\u2014including risk-based LRTs\u2014for use in multifamily residential, commercial, and mixed-use buildings. A California Expert Panel was convened in 2021 to (1) update the LRT requirements using new, quantitative pathogen data and (2) propose treatment trains capable of meeting the updated LRTs. This paper presents the updated risk-based LRTs for multiple pathogens (viruses, protozoa, and bacteria) and an expanded set of end-uses including toilet flushing, clothes washing, irrigation, dust and fire suppression, car washing, and decorative fountains. The updated 95th percentile LRTs required for each source water, pathogen, and end-use were typically within 1-log10 of the 2017 LRTs regardless of the approach used to estimate pathogen concentrations. LRT requirements decreased with influent pathogen concentrations from wastewater to graywater to stormwater to roof runoff. Cost and footprint estimates provide details on the capital, operations and maintenance, and siting requirements for ONWS implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T05:31:15Z","timestamp":1662787875000},"page":"1558-1575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Risk-based treatment targets for onsite non-potable water systems using new pathogen data"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6100-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Pecson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Trussell Technologies, 1939 Harrison Street, Oakland, California 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anya","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Trussell Technologies, 1939 Harrison Street, Oakland, California 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sybil","family":"Sharvelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Colorado State University, Scott Bioengineering Building 246, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brie","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Trussell Technologies, 1939 Harrison Street, Oakland, California 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Leverenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Ashbolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e EOA, Inc., 1410 Jackson Street, Oakland, California 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.135-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1139\/W10-037","article-title":"Implications of faecal indicator bacteria for the microbiological assessment of roof-harvested rainwater quality in southeast Queensland, Australia","volume":"56","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.135-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119123","article-title":"Characterization of roof runoff microbial quality in four U.S. cities with varying climate and land use characteristics","author":"Alja'fari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.135-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2166\/9781843395430","volume-title":"Quantification of Pathogens and Sources of Microbial Indicators for QMRA in Recreational Waters","author":"Bambic","year":"2011"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.135-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.08.001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.135-5","unstructured":"California State Water Resources Control Board 2022 SBDDW-22-001 Regulations for Onsite Treatment and Reuse of Nonpotable Water. Available from: https:\/\/www.waterboards.ca.gov\/drinking_water\/certlic\/drinkingwater\/onsite_nonpotable_reuse_regulations.html (accessed 22 April)."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.135-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-012-3053-7"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.135-7","unstructured":"DDW 2018 Regulations Related to Recycled Water. California Code of Regulations, Titles 22 and 17."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.135-8","unstructured":"EPA 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule. 40 CFR 141.70-141.75. 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