{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:36:18Z","timestamp":1789061778359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Research Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cholera is an ancient disease that persists as an issue of public health in many conflict-affected countries worldwide. Cholera is a diarrheal infection caused by ingested water or food contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. On 10 September 2022, the Ministry of Health in Syria declared a cholera outbreak. Poor water and sanitation systems, disease surveillance breakdown, the collapse of the health system, and deteriorated socioeconomic conditions are potential risk factors for the outbreak's spread. Identifying the context-related factors associated with the spread of disease is a core to developing practical response mechanisms. In this study, we suggested a multisectoral approach that addresses context-specific elements contributing to the cholera outbreak spread in Syria; public health determinants, geopolitics, risk factors, and pandemic fatigue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T13:46:36Z","timestamp":1669124796000},"page":"1755-1760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The forgotten threat of cholera in Syria"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2294-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orwa","family":"Al-Abdulla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Strategic Research Center (\u00d6z SRC), Gaziantep, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8262-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maher","family":"Alaref","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Strategic Research Center (\u00d6z SRC), Gaziantep, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197514641.003.0003","article-title":"Health system fragmentation and the syrian conflict","volume-title":"Everybody's War","author":"Abbara","year":"2021"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-2","unstructured":"Ahmad A., Gagliardini G. & Sunnen L. 2022 Whole of Syria Cholera Outbreak Situation Report NO.4. Amman."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-3","first-page":"83","article-title":"The job that kills you \u2013 Health care workers in conflict settings \u2013 Syria","volume-title":"Public Health in A Chaotic World","author":"Al-Abdulla","year":"2022"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-4","article-title":"Simulation of the progression of the COVID-19 disease in northwest syria using basic and adjusted SIR model","volume-title":"Zoonotic Diseases 2022, Vol. 2, Pages 44\u201358","author":"Al-Abdulla","year":"2021"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4197\/Sci.32-2.3"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-6","unstructured":"Al-Monitor 2022 Syria reports 7 dead in first major cholera outbreak in years \u2013 Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East. September 14."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.040089"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00762-9"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.42.279.36368"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1746-5","volume-title":"Ebb and Flow: Volume 2. Water in the Shadow of Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa","author":"Borgomeo","year":"2021"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-11","volume-title":"Water Scarcity, Mismanagement and Pollution in Syria","author":"Daher","year":"2022"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.078"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226549"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2020.100021"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.10129"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08521-y"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57570-0_16","article-title":"Water, politics and dams in the mesopotamia basin of the northern middle east: how Turkey instrumentalises the South-Eastern Anatolia Project for Political, Military and strategic interests","volume-title":"Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment From Headwaters to Mouth","author":"Jongerden","year":"2021"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-021-00432-y"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayry J., Mac R., Huynh M. & Mitra S. 2022 Development of a Low-Cost Lateral Flow Assay for Rapid Detection of Vibrio Cholerae. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01. IOP Publishing: 2190\u20132190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/ma2022-01532190mtgabs.","DOI":"10.1149\/MA2022-01532190mtgabs"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cli10040048"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92296-2_1","article-title":"Communication and engagement in disease outbreaks and pandemic responses: key concepts and issues","volume-title":"Communication and Community Engagement in Disease Outbreaks","author":"Obregon","year":"2022"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-22","unstructured":"OCHA 2022 North-West Syria: Situation Report (24 October 2022). Gaziantep."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0192-z"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-24","article-title":"Syria's cholera outbreak is likely to worsen","volume-title":"Emerald Expert Briefings","author":"Oxford Analytica","year":"2022"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-25","unstructured":"Qreima S. 2022 Health Minister: epidemiological situation of cholera is completely under control. SANA. September 17."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.177","article-title":"Emerging outbreaks associated with conflict and failing healthcare systems in the Middle East","volume-title":"Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology","author":"Raad","year":"2018"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12504"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-28","article-title":"Syria: death from Assad's chlorine","volume-title":"The New York Review of Books","author":"Sparrow","year":"2015"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000029"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-30","unstructured":"WHO 2022 Syrian Arab Republic: WHO Syria Situation Report #8 Cholera Outbreak. Damascus."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247820922843"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2022.262-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/dcdss.2021116"}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/20\/12\/1755\/1153844\/jwh0201755.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/20\/12\/1755\/1153844\/jwh0201755.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T12:37:54Z","timestamp":1672144674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/20\/12\/1755\/92147\/The-forgotten-threat-of-cholera-in-Syria"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2022.262","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]}}}