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In the case of fluoride contamination, \u223c120 million in India, &amp;gt;2 million in Pakistan, and \u223c0.5 million in Sri Lanka are exposed to the risk of fluoride above 1.5 mg\/L, while Bangladesh and Nepal are mildly affected. The hazard quotient (HQ) for arsenic varied from 0 to 822 in India, 0 to 33 in Pakistan, 0 to 1,051 in Bangladesh, 0 to 582 in Nepal, and 0 to 89 in Sri Lanka. The cancer risk of arsenic varied from 0 to 1.64 \u00d7 1\u22121 in India, 0 to 1.07 \u00d7 10\u22121 in Pakistan, 0 to 2.10 \u00d7 10\u22121 in Bangladesh, 0 to 1.16 \u00d7 10\u22121 in Nepal, and 0 to 1.78 \u00d7 10\u22122 in Sri Lanka. In the case of fluoride, the HQ ranged from 0 to 21 in India, 0 to 33 in Pakistan, 0 to 18 in Bangladesh, 0 to 10 in Nepal, and 0 to 10 in Sri Lanka. Arsenic and fluoride have adverse effects on animals, resulting in chemical poisoning and skeletal fluorosis. Adsorption and membrane filtration have demonstrated outstanding treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T14:46:04Z","timestamp":1703688364000},"page":"235-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia region"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8011-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yash","family":"Aryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thambidurai","family":"Pon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Coastal Disaster Management, School of Physical, Chemical and Applied Sciences, Pondicherry University, Port Blair Campus \u2013 744112, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balamurugan","family":"Panneerselvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Dikshit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"34","key":"2024022915561404600_JWH-D-23-00082C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81370","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21771-0","article-title":"Evaluation of non-carcinogenic causing health risks (NCHR) associated with exposure of F- and nitrate contaminated groundwater from a semi-arid region of south India","volume":"30","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024022915561404600_JWH-D-23-00082C01","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Evaluation of groundwater contamination for fluoride and nitrate in semi-arid region of Nirmal Province, South India: a special emphasis on human health risk assessment (HHRA)","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International 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