{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:08:14Z","timestamp":1792001294378,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hospital wastewater can contaminate the environment with antibiotic-resistant and virulent bacteria. We analyzed wastewater samples from four hospitals in Ardabil province, Iran for Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis using culture and molecular methods. We also performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction testing for resistance and virulence genes. Out of 141 enterococci isolates, 68.8% were E. faecium and 23.4% were E. faecalis. Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin showed the highest level of resistance against E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates at 65%. High-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR), high-level streptomycin resistance (HLSR), ampicillin, and vancomycin resistance were observed in 25, 5, 10, and 5.15% of E. faecium, and 15, 6, 15, and 3.03% of E. faecalis isolates, respectively. The ant(6\u2032)-Ia and ant(3\u2032)-Ia genes that were responsible for streptomycin resistance were observed in HLSR isolates and aph(3\u2032)-IIIa and aac(6\u2032) Ie-aph(2\u2033)-Ia genes accounting for gentamicin resistance were detected in HLGR isolates. vanA was the predominant gene detected in vancomycin-resistant isolates. The majority of isolates were positive for gelE, asa1, esp, cylA, and hyl virulence genes. We found that drug-resistant and virulent E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were prevalent in hospital wastewater. Proper treatment strategies are required to prevent their dissemination into the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T12:15:00Z","timestamp":1694002500000},"page":"1277-1290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antibiotic resistance and virulence potentials of <i>E. faecalis<\/i> and <i>E. faecium<\/i> in hospital wastewater: a case study in Ardabil, Iran"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Jannati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"b Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"Khademi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meysam","family":"Manouchehrifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d Food Control Laboratory, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dadras","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e Microbiology Laboratory, Imam Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Amirmozaffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"f Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vajihe","family":"Sadat Nikbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"g Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4233-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Arzanlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2023092719133394600_JWH-D-23-00147C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201000102","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from Portuguese wastewater treatment plants","volume":"50","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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