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A pregnant woman can excrete about 7,000 \u03bcg\/day of total estrogens. A low-dose oral contraceptive pill contains 20 \u03bcg estradiol. Soy-based baby formula contains phytoestrogens equivalent to a low-dose oral contraceptive pill. A woman on a low-dose oral hormone replacement therapy consumes about 0.5\u20132 mg\/day of one or more estrogens. The levels of endocrine-disrupting substances (EDSs) exposure by oral, respiratory, or dermal routes have the potential to make removing PFAS from drinking water due to its estrogenic activity divert valuable resources. These levels become even less of a threat when their estrogenic potencies are compared with those of the target hormones present as contaminants in water and even more so when compared with levels commonly present in human tissues. The fact that PFAS constitute a tiny fraction compared to exposure to phytoestrogens makes the effort even more insignificant. If PFAS are to be removed from drinking water, it is not due to their estrogenic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T12:34:34Z","timestamp":1679056474000},"page":"451-462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Endocrine-disrupting substances: I. Relative risks of PFAS in drinking water"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5424-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Alberto","family":"Tomei Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Ibero-American Society of Environmental Health (SIBSA), Zabala 3555, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Rep. 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