{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:57:46Z","timestamp":1777579066935,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>Illegal mining has overshadowed pharmaceutical pollution even though exposure to pharmaceutical waste is high. Consumption of fish potentially polluted with pharmaceuticals from the rivers continues with little concern or potential threat it poses. In the present study, the residues of one antibiotic (Chloramphenicol), five hormones (progesterone, 17-beta\u00a0Estradiol, Estrone, 17a-Ethynylestradiol, and one), three environmental contaminants (4-para-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, and Bisphenol A), one barbiturate (Primidone) and one analgesic (Diclofenac sodium salt), were investigated from fish samples from the rivers Pra, Narkwa, and the Volta. The results show a high concentration of drugs in River Pra in comparison to those in Rivers Narkwa and Volta. The hazard quotients (HQs) for the environmental contaminants were all above 1, except Bisphenol A. Furthermore, the HQs from this study suggest that consumers of fish from any of the three rivers stand a hazard risk of Chloramphenicol (19), 17a-Ethynylestradiol (4), Estrone (1.366), Diclofenac sodium salt (3.29), Progesterone (4.598), 4-tert-octylphenol (87.2), and 4-para-nonylphenol (7.252), but negligible risk against E2 (0.687), Primidone (0.014), Testosterone (0.16), and Bisphenol A (0.642). Of the fish species studied, the highest concentration of all pharmaceuticals put together is found in Clarias gariepinus, Labeo senegalensis, and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus in that order.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T11:55:48Z","timestamp":1697543748000},"page":"1703-1715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analysis and risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in fish from three water bodies in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0073-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert Ebo","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Water and Sanitation, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Adokoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Forensic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Osei-Marfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Water and Sanitation, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Barnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Water and Sanitation, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aboagye George","family":"Sakyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Forensic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josephe","family":"Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Determination of nonylphenol, octylphenol and bisphenol-A in water and sediments of two major rivers in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"2013","author":"Adebola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Protection"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.06.011"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-3","first-page":"823","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Global occurrence and potential cooperative action under the strategic approach to international chemicals management (SAICM)","volume":"94","author":"aus der Beek","year":"2016","journal-title":"German Federal Environment Agency"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20202955"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02741.x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/14.1.11a"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408440903373590"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200800337"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-008-9388-7"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/16085914.2015.1136803"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJRAM.2017.082558"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-12","unstructured":"Gunder H. 2004 Clarias gariepinus (On-line), Animal Diversity Web (accessed 25 July 2020). https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Clarias_gariepinus\/"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.11.016"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.10.006"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2018.1475423"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46488\/NEPT.2021.v20i02.006"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044481557-6\/50010-1","article-title":"8. Anticonvulsants","volume-title":"Human Toxicology","author":"Jefferson","year":"1996"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-18","first-page":"221","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs","volume-title":"Handbook of Analytical Separations","author":"Johannessen","year":"2004"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-052809-161223"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2003.00739.x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0587"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-22"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.07.008"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1897\/07-080.1"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.07.016"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106222"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1195-2"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6098961"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-29","author":"Mellon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hogging it! Estimates of Antimicrobial Abuse in Livestock"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human health impact and regulatory issues involving antimicrobial resistance in the food animal production environment","volume":"1","author":"Nawaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Research Perspectives Journal"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-31","unstructured":"Nyberg L. 2016 Assessing the Impact of Emerging Contaminants on Anaerobic Microbial Communities. Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02317"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148306","article-title":"Steroid hormones in the aquatic environment","volume":"792","author":"Ojoghoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-9.21.190303","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by Clarias gariepinus (African Catfish) in Asa River, Ilorin, Kwara State","author":"Opasola","year":"2019"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1872208310666160923160004"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051026"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.08.013"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-38"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301012"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200375111859"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-41","first-page":"5526","article-title":"Long-and short-term effects of organic wastes on the behaviour of 17b-estradiol, estrone and 17a-ethinylestradiol in different soils","author":"Stumpe","year":"2009"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.07.028"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2023.208-43"}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/21\/11\/1703\/1329109\/jwh0211703.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/21\/11\/1703\/1329109\/jwh0211703.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T04:25:19Z","timestamp":1701231919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/21\/11\/1703\/98153\/Analysis-and-risk-assessment-of-pharmaceutical"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2023.208","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]}}}