{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T14:46:37Z","timestamp":1768747597598,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009402","name":"Mekelle University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MSc Thesis Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSc Thesis Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009402","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of fluoride in drinking water and its health impact in Semema, Tigray, Ethiopia. Water samples were collected in February, March and April from three potential spring water sources, namely May Atkaru, May Sensela and May Liham. Each sample was analyzed for a variety of physicochemical parameters including fluoride using standard APHA procedures through double beam UV\u2013Visible spectrophotometer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer and titrimetric methods. All the measured physicochemical parameters except hardness (345.78\u2013368.35 mg\/L) and alkalinity (231.3\u2013354.6 mg\/L) were recorded below the WHO permissible limit set for drinking water. The amount of fluoride in May Atkaru (4.00 mg\/L) and May Sensela (3.89 mg\/L) was significantly greater than the WHO permissible limit set for drinking water, 1.5 mg\/L. Moreover, HQ &amp;gt; 1 from May Atkaru and May Sensela revealed the possibility of dental and skeletal fluorosis over extended exposure to fluoride irrespective of age and sex variations. This confirmed people in the area with mottled teeth are vulnerable to the excessive consumption of fluoride, which poses health risks. Therefore, it needs immediate interventions to minimize the debilitating effect of fluoride in drinking water by creating awareness among the community and policymakers to introduce low-cost defluoridation methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2024.115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T10:04:57Z","timestamp":1723111497000},"page":"1650-1662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is the Tigray region, Ethiopia also affected by fluoride in drinking water affecting public health?"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Berihu Teshale","family":"Mesfin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Chemistry, Adwa Teachers Education College, Adwa, Tigray, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6996-7426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraha Gebrekidan","family":"Asgedom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia"},{"name":"c Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mekonen Tirfu","family":"Zekarias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tesfamariam Teklu","family":"Gebretsadik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanual Hadera","family":"Tesfay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Van der Bruggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092710420175700_JWH-D-24-00115C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2018.05.008","article-title":"Elevated fluoride in groundwater of Siwani Block, Western Haryana, India: A potential concern for sustainable water supplies for drinking and irrigation","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development"},{"key":"2024092710420175700_JWH-D-24-00115C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65933-1_7","article-title":"Fluorine","volume-title":"Handbook of 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