{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T19:13:07Z","timestamp":1768417987041,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gobierno regional del Biobio","award":["40036819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40036819"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>Studies have shown the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the stool of both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, enabling wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) to complement clinical monitoring. The emergence of variants can enhance viral transmissibility, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance to detect and control infectious diseases. This study aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater from a treatment plant in San Pedro de la Paz, Chile, between January and November 2021. Wastewater samples were concentrated using the polyethylene glycol method, and RT-qPCR assays were performed to analyze SARS-CoV-2 and its variants (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Lambda, and Delta), with results compared to Illumina amplicon sequencing. The concentration method achieved about 11% viral recovery. The detection of viruses and variants in wastewater proved sensitive and consistent with clinical data, providing additional surveillance insights. Notably, Lambda and Delta variants were the most frequently detected during the second and third infection waves, with some variants identified in wastewater before the first confirmed clinical cases. However, Illumina sequencing lacked sufficient genome coverage, suggesting the need for better sequencing methods for this matrix. This study demonstrates that WBS is a rapid, cost-effective tool for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations, particularly useful during overwhelming clinical situations or when cost is prohibitively high.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2024.284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T08:11:59Z","timestamp":1732781519000},"page":"2398-2413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater in San Pedro de la Paz, Chile"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Andressa S.","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Centro de Vigilancia de Aguas Residuales, Centinela Biob\u00edo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Centro de Vigilancia de Aguas Residuales, Centinela Biob\u00edo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Assmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Centro de Astrof\u00edsica y Tecnolog\u00edas Afines, Departamento de Astronom\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Casilla 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Centro de Vigilancia de Aguas Residuales, Centinela Biob\u00edo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Estrella","family":"Armijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Centro de Vigilancia de Aguas Residuales, Centinela Biob\u00edo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c ATACAMA-OMICS, Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00f3mica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, 1532502 Copiap\u00f3, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Echeverria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c ATACAMA-OMICS, Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00f3mica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, 1532502 Copiap\u00f3, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Gaggero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Ambiental, Programa de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Morfolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0993-8794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matias I.","family":"Hepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Centro de Vigilancia de Aguas Residuales, Centinela Biob\u00edo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"},{"name":"e Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Morfolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2024.284-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144216"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2024.284-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ampuero M., Valenzuela S., Valiente-Echeverr\u00eda F., Soto-Rifo R., Barriga G. 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