{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T12:40:25Z","timestamp":1761914425207,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n                  <jats:p>This study characterizes vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) in Iran's Anzali Lagoon recreational waters through analysis of 268 samples collected seasonally (2019). Culture and PCR methods identified Enterococcus in 57.5% (154\/268) of samples, with 40.3% (62\/154) showing vancomycin resistance. Resistance gene profiling revealed vanA and vanH predominance (56.5% each, 35\/62), demonstrating complete co-occurrence, while vanB was rare (3.2%, 2\/62) and vanC absent. Virulence factors displayed divergent prevalence: esp (62.9%, 39\/62) exceeded clinical isolate rates, whereas hyl (3.2%, 2\/62) was uncommon. Biofilm assays showed VRE isolates formed significantly denser biofilms than susceptible strains (2.3-fold higher OD570, p &amp;lt; 0.001), with esp-positive isolates exhibiting the strongest biofilm production. These findings demonstrate that recreational waters harbor VRE populations with: (1) elevated esp prevalence suggesting environmental selection pressures, and (2) enhanced biofilm capacity promoting persistence. The 100% vanA-vanH co-occurrence and 62.9% esp frequency surpass WHO risk thresholds for recreational waters, indicating need for revised monitoring protocols. This study provides the first evidence of aquatic-specific VRE genotypes in the region and their potential public health impacts through resistance gene dissemination and waterborne exposure risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2025.062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T12:44:44Z","timestamp":1759754684000},"page":"1224-1239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the presence of virulence determinants and vancomycin-resistant genes in\n                    <i>enterococci<\/i>\n                    isolated from the Anzali Lagoon and recreational waters in Guilan Province, Iran"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hadis","family":"Kalantari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Microbiology, La C., Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, 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