{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T05:01:20Z","timestamp":1770094880203,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005851","name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3004528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3004528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hospital wastewater is often a reservoir for multidrug-resistant organisms and clinically significant pathogens such as MRSA. In this cross-sectional study, 90 Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from hospital wastewater were comprehensively characterized. The analysis included antimicrobial susceptibility testing, assessment of biofilm formation, spa typing, and PCR-based detection of a wide panel of antibiotic resistance genes as well as key virulence factors. Our results showed that 43.3, 36.7, and 20% of isolates were classified as strong, intermediate, and weak biofilm-forming strains, respectively. Our data indicated that the resistance profile of aac (6\u2032)-Ie\/aph (2\u2033), msr(A) (8.9%) was the most prevalent pattern. Spa typing revealed that the 90 isolates belonged to 11 particular spa types, including t747 (16.7%), t790 (14.4%), t10795 (13.3%), t005 (11.1%), t044 (7.8%), t030 (7.8%), t037 (7.8%), t008 (6.7%), t421 (5.6%), t860 (4.4%), and t388 (4.4%). All of the VISA and VRSA strains belonged to SCCmec IV\/t790 isolates. Among the 39 strong biofilm producers, the majority (28.2%) belonged to SCCmec IV\/t790. The mupirocin-resistant strain belonged to the SCCmec IV\/t790 (41.2%), SCCmec III\/t037 (17.6%), SCCmec IV\/t008 (17.6%), SCCmec III\/t030 (11.8%), and SCCmec IV\/t044 (11.8%) isolates. These findings highlight the value of wastewater surveillance for tracking antimicrobial resistance and guiding public health interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2025.240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T15:25:35Z","timestamp":1768058735000},"page":"17-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic diversity of\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    isolated from hospital wastewaters\n                    <i>: spa<\/i>\n                    types t747 and t790 are a serious threat"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6720-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Goudarzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh Fatemeh","family":"Hamzavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Navidinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Dadashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01663-12"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.05.010"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S261311"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100881"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2005.05.002"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00163"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01727-12"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01834-08"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.258"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04515.x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4762-4765.2004"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2283-2288.2005"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.07.032"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt085"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2025.240-15","first-page":"e37761","article-title":"Molecular 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