{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:43:39Z","timestamp":1791539019282,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n                  <jats:p>The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates universal access to safe drinking water (DW) by 2030 in order to mitigate waterborne diseases (WBDs). Mitigating WBDs necessitates access to clean water devoid of pathogens such as Escherichia coli. Despite advancements, urban areas such as Jalandhar continue to grapple with recurrent outbreaks of diarrhoea, cholera, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E. Zero E. coli presence in water samples is considered safe DW. This study aims to find out whether DW supplied and available in Bist Doab region is free from faecal contamination and safe to drink per the WHO Standards. A total of 32 samples were collected from six distinct villages, alongside 23 samples from three urban wards of Jalandhar and tested using spreading techniques, involving bacterial screening and quantification of colony-forming units to ascertain E. coli contamination levels. The results reveal that 56.5% of urban DW samples exhibited potential health risks attributable to contamination, while rural counterparts demonstrated significantly lower E. coli levels. An area-specific approach and a three-tier policy are proposed through this research work to combat WBDs effectively and efficiently in our developing nation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2025.267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T23:11:16Z","timestamp":1738105876000},"page":"155-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A study on\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    contamination in drinking water sources to combat waterborne diseases effectively in Bist Doab, Punjab, India"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3006-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babita","family":"Gautam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a School of Humanities, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajad Nabi","family":"Dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a School of Humanities, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan Samir Kumar","family":"Sachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India"},{"name":"c Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied and Healthcare Sciences, GNA University, Phagwara, Punjab 144401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5958\/2349-2996.2019.00105.8","article-title":"Knowledge regarding water borne diseases and its prevention","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.3390\/w10121711","article-title":"Establishing sustainable development goal baselines for household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C3","first-page":"64","article-title":"Achieving sustainable development goals from a water perspective","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4594","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00789-9","article-title":"Assessment of on-site sanitation practices and contamination of groundwater in rural areas of Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environment, Development and Sustainability"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2000.tb05338.x","article-title":"Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection","volume":"88","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e071296","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-071296","article-title":"Associations of WHO\/UNICEF joint Monitoring Program (JMP) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) service ladder service levels and sociodemographic factors with diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C8","volume-title":"Drinking Water Quality Assessment and Management","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C9","unstructured":"Haumba\n            P.\n           (2023) Assessment of Fecal Contamination as A Risk Factor for Waterborne Diseases to Community end-Users of Osia Stream in Toronto. 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Unpublished dissertation. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.12283\/3802."},{"key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C10","author":"IDSP (Integrated Diseases Surveillance Programme)"},{"key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C11","author":"Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP)","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13468","article-title":"Environmental Escherichia coli: ecology and public health implications \u2013 a review","volume":"123","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2025022714120415000_JWH-D-24-00267C13","first-page":"314","article-title":"The impact of freshwater and wastewater irrigation on the chemistry of shallow groundwater: a case study from the Israeli Coastal Aquifer","volume":"300","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of 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