{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T06:09:06Z","timestamp":1786687746423,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PROFAPI","award":["PRO_A2_025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRO_A2_025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>Despite the high concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in the water bodies of northern Mexico, current monitoring efforts and regulations are insufficient. This is especially troubling, given the indigenous and vulnerable communities and the overall lack of public health information. To characterize exposure, we conducted an exhaustive review of HM studies in drinking water in northern Mexico. This information was used to estimate hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) values by age for all of northern Mexico. In total, 316 concentrations of HMs were reported in 55 studies from 1975 to 2021, with concentration ranges of 0\u201311,100, 0\u20135,250, 0\u2013350, 0\u201325, and 0\u20139,470 \u03bcg\/L for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead, respectively. The probable maximum concentrations (95th percentile) of metals in drinking water were 244.55, 10, 56, 1.68, and 90.35 \u03bcg\/L for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead, respectively. The HQ for all HMs ranged from 0.0011 to 404.62. Children younger than 2 years had an extremely high risk (HQ &amp;gt; 40) of presenting adverse health effects from arsenic consumption. Children younger than 6 years had the highest risk of developing cancer, with CR values from 2.24 \u00d7 10\u22125 to 7.77 \u00d7 10\u22121, emphasizing the need for continuous HM monitoring in northern Mexico.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2025.274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T09:21:29Z","timestamp":1747128089000},"page":"684-700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Heavy metals in drinking water sources in northern Mexico: a review of concentrations and human health risks assessment"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9186-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayra","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Cota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Doctoral Program in Sciences in Aquatic Resources, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen S\/N, Los Pinos, Mazatl\u00e1n, Sinaloa, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ofelia","family":"Escobar-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen S\/N, Los Pinos, Mazatl\u00e1n, Sinaloa, M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"c Departamento de C\u00e1tedras CONAHCYT, Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas (CONAHCYT), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Cr\u00e9dito Constructor, Delegaci\u00f3n Benito Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-4993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Betancourt-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d Departamento de Ecotoxicolog\u00eda, Unidad Regional Mazatl\u00e1n Regional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo A.C., S\u00e1balo Cerritos S\/N, Cerritos, Mazatl\u00e1n, Sinaloa, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3729-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00edn Gabriel","family":"Fr\u00edas-Espericueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen S\/N, Los Pinos, Mazatl\u00e1n, Sinaloa, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6501-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nydia Yuriana","family":"Zamora-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatl\u00e1n Higueras Km 3, Mazatl\u00e1n, Sinaloa, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4934-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen Cristina","family":"Osuna-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen S\/N, Los Pinos, Mazatl\u00e1n, Sinaloa, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2022a) Calculating Hazard Quotients and Cancer Risk Estimates. Atlanta, GA, USA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available at: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pha-guidance\/conducting_scientific_evaluations\/epcs_and_exposure_calculations\/hazardquotients_cancerrisk.html [Accessed 20th November 2024]."},{"key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C2","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2022b) Estimating Site-Specific Ingestion and Dermal Exposure Doses. Atlanta, GA, USA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available at: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pha-guidance\/conducting_scientific_evaluations\/epcs_and_exposure_calculations\/estimating-site-specific-ingestion-and-dermal-exposure-doses.html#print [Accessed 20th November 2024]."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C3","first-page":"63","article-title":"Contenido de ars\u00e9nico en el agua potable del Valle del Guadiana en M\u00e9xico","volume":"16","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ingenier\u00eda Hidr\u00e1ulica en M\u00e9xico"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.24275\/rmiq\/Bio1047","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals present in groundwater from a northern Mexico mining community using Agave tequilana Weber extracts","volume":"19","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Mexicana De Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-08998-z","article-title":"Water resources affected by potentially toxic elements in an area under current and historical mining in northwestern Mexico","volume":"193","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-008-9167-8","article-title":"Arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Mexico","volume":"30","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.082","article-title":"A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the south Asia region","volume":"22","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Water and Health"},{"key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C8","unstructured":"Ayala-Rodr\u00edguez\n            L.\n           (2010) Metales pesados en agua y sedimentos del r\u00edo Sinaloa. MSc thesis. National Polytechnic Institute. Available at: https:\/\/tesis.ipn.mx\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/9734\/264.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Accessed: 03 January 2023)."},{"key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43161-3","article-title":"Comprehensive health risk analysis of heavy metal pollution using water quality indices and Monte Carlo simulation in R software","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643972","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972","article-title":"Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.12.067","article-title":"Occurrence and treatment of arsenic in groundwater and soil in northern Mexico and southwestern USA","volume":"83","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-015-0024-y","article-title":"Chemical processes affecting the mobility of heavy metals and metalloids in soil environments","volume":"2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Pollution Reports"},{"issue":"2000","key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C14","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Arsenic content and groundwater geochemistry of the San Antonio-El Triunfo, Carrizal and Los Planes aquifers in southernmost Baja California, Mexico","volume":"39","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environmental Geology"},{"key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C15","unstructured":"Cassassuce\n            F.\n          , OlveraJ. & Loera-PizarroE. (2005) Estudio del Ars\u00e9nico en Baja California Sur. La Paz, M\u00e9xico: Sociedad de Historia Natural Niparaj\u00e1, A.C. en Colaboraci\u00f3n con la CONAGUA. Sociedad de Historia Natural Niparaj\u00e1 AC. Available at: https:\/\/defiendelasierra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/ESTUDIO-ARSENICO-NIPARAJA.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2021]."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C18","first-page":"725","article-title":"Enfermedad renal cr\u00f3nica en M\u00e9xico y su relaci\u00f3n con los metales pesados","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social"},{"key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C19","unstructured":"CONAGUA [Comisi\u00f3n Nacional del Agua] (2018) Atlas del Agua en M\u00e9xico. Mexico City: Comisi\u00f3n Nacional del Agua. 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Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace","author":"Oswald Spring","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025063007022679800_JWH-D-24-00274C47","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00e1vila\n            O.\n           (2013) Groundwater Contamination and Contingent Valuation of Safe Drinking Water in Guadalupe, Zacatecas, Mexico. Working Papers 180. UK: Department of Economics, SOAS, University of London. 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