{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T10:10:11Z","timestamp":1786615811818,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye","award":["121Y454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121Y454"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>The enteroviruses such as Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Hepatitis A virus, Norovirus, and Rotavirus are mostly transmitted via water and are commonly seen in Turkey. Due to lack of regulations for monitoring these viruses at the discharge points of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the discharges reach to surface waters causing water-borne diseases. This emphasizes the importance of WWTPs' removal capacities to minimize the spread of enteroviruses. To evaluate the removal capacities of enteroviruses, five different types of WWTPs from Ankara-Turkey were investigated over a year. Seasonal abundances of enterovirus-specific genes in both influents and effluents from each WWTP were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The reduction of enteroviral nucleic acids in the effluent wastewater samples compared to the influent wastewater samples was assessed as the removal capacity in log10 reduction values (LRVs). The qPCR results revealed that among five different types of WWTPs tested, membrane bioreactors effectively removed Adenovirus alone with LRVs more than 3. The removal of Enterovirus, Hepatitis A virus, Norovirus, and Rotavirus in WWTPs with varying processes was below LRV 3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2025.281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T14:51:51Z","timestamp":1738680711000},"page":"190-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Removal capacities of wastewater treatment plants to minimize spread of enteroviruses"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7749-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cansu","family":"Ozgur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8114-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulent","family":"Icgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey"},{"name":"b Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113486","article-title":"Prevalence of human pathogenic viruses in wastewater: a potential transmission risk as well as an effective tool for early outbreak detection for COVID-19","volume":"298","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.24925\/turjaf.v6i11.1592-1598.2054","article-title":"G\u0131da kaynakl\u0131 viral gastroenteritler (Food-Born viral gastroenteritis)","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Agriculture \u2013 Food Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0005-4","article-title":"The life cycle of non-polio enteroviruses and how to target it","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-020-09424-2","article-title":"Detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in wastewater and urban surface waters in Germany","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food and Environmental Virology"},{"issue":"40","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C5","first-page":"907","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of enteric viruses and their impact on public health","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C6","first-page":"51","article-title":"Structure and Genotypes of Noroviruses","volume-title":"The Norovirus; Features, Detection, and Prevention of Foodborne Disease","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C7","article-title":"Enterovirus and encephalitis","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149678","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of membrane technologies and disinfection methods for virus elimination in water: a review","volume":"801","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C500"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C550"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140910","article-title":"Viruses in wastewater: occurrence, abundance and detection methods","volume":"745","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7030061","article-title":"Perspective on adenoviruses: epidemiology, pathogenicity, and gene therapy","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C11","first-page":"139","article-title":"2017\u20132022 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda viral gastroenterit etkenlerinin de\u011ferlendirilmesi: bir cerrahpa\u015fa deneyimi (Evaluation of viral gastroenteritis agents between 2017 and 2022: a cerrahpa\u015fa experience)","volume":"6","year":"2023","journal-title":"T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Klinikleri"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C12","first-page":"595","article-title":"Effect of turbidity on the ultraviolet disinfection performance in recirculating aquaculture systems with low water exchange","volume":"43","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquaculture Research"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.02.004","article-title":"A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water","volume":"135","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2022.115798","article-title":"Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection\/treatment systems: a review","volume":"534","year":"2022","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.6001","article-title":"Efficiency of two constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment: removal of bacterial indicators and enteric viruses","volume":"94","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C16","first-page":"271","article-title":"Reporting the limits of detection and quantification for environmental DNA assays","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental DNA"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C17","first-page":"991856","article-title":"A review on disinfection methods for inactivation of waterborne viruses","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology. Sec. Infectious Agents and Disease"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C18","first-page":"97","article-title":"Molecular detection of viruses in water and sewage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses in Food and Water"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C19","volume-title":"Rotavirus","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.10.006","article-title":"Simultaneously extracting DNA, RNA, and protein using kits: is sample quantity or quality prejudiced?","volume":"433","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analytical Biochemistry"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C21","volume-title":"Wastewater Engineering","author":"Metcalf & Eddy","year":"2014","edition":"5th edn"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01192-13","article-title":"Sensitive and specific quantitative detection of rotavirus A by one-Step real-Time reverse transcription-PCR assay without antecedent double-Stranded-RNA denaturation","volume":"51","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-017-9330-4","article-title":"Virus type-specific removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor treatment process","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food and Environmental Virology"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C24","first-page":"2","article-title":"Wastewater treatment plants discharges disseminated more giardia than cryptosporidium","volume":"95","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Environment Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incidence of human adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus in the final effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants in eastern cape province, South Africa","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.11.012","article-title":"Human enteric bacteria and viruses in five wastewater treatment plants in the eastern cape, South Africa","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014000100049","article-title":"Detection of enteric viruses in activated sludge by feasible concentration methods","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.435","article-title":"Performance of wastewater reclamation systems in enteric virus removal","volume":"678","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.05.013","article-title":"Removal of phages and viral pathogens in a full-scale MBR: implications for wastewater reuse and potable water","volume":"100","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.03.001","article-title":"Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: review","volume":"91","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9524","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01384","article-title":"Virus reduction during advanced bardenpho and conventional wastewater treatment processes","volume":"50","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19001","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9557-5","article-title":"Optimization of sampling strategy to determine pathogen removal efficacy of activated sludge treatment plant","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C33","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C34","volume-title":"Microbiology, An Introduction","year":"2016","edition":"12th edn."},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C35","volume-title":"Assessment of Treatment Plant Performance and Water Quality Data: A Guide for Students, Researchers and Practitioners","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158310","article-title":"Removal performance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor, anaerobic-anoxic-oxic, and conventional activated sludge processes","volume":"851","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C37","author":"Wellington Water","year":"2020"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183384","article-title":"Comparative study of Two methods of enteric virus detection and enteric virus relationship with bacterial indicator in poyang lake, jiangxi, China","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2025022714121617400_JWH-D-24-00281C600"}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/23\/2\/190\/1537829\/jwh2025281.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/23\/2\/190\/1537829\/jwh2025281.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T14:14:32Z","timestamp":1740665672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/23\/2\/190\/106971\/Removal-capacities-of-wastewater-treatment-plants"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2025.281","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}