{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:53:18Z","timestamp":1782877998085,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008321","name":"Pennsylvania State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Figure outlines the flow of wastewater from the community where a norovirus GII outbreak occurred to two wastewater treatment facilities (Wastewater Treatment Facilities A and B). Plots are shown to demonstrate that norovirus GII was measured at these wastewater treatment facilities over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI). Norovirus is not notifiable in the United States; therefore, health departments typically only receive reports of norovirus outbreaks. While wastewater surveillance has been demonstrated to be useful for tracking community norovirus case reports, its value during outbreak investigations is less understood. This study evaluates the impact of a single norovirus outbreak on wastewater measurements in a community. Norovirus genogroup 2 (GII) concentrations were measured at two wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) near a restaurant experiencing a norovirus GII outbreak (Restaurant A). The largest increase in norovirus GII RNA concentrations (increase of 13,111.8 gc\/mL) at the WWTF serving Restaurant A (WWTF A) occurred on the same day most (44%) outbreak case patients reported symptom onset. This increase occurred 1 day before the outbreak was reported to public health, 2 days before norovirus was identified in clinical specimens, and 3 days before clinical specimens were genotyped at the public health laboratory. At a second local WWTF, WWTF B, norovirus GII RNA concentrations also increased at the same time but peaked 2 days after WWTF A. These findings suggest wastewater measurements can serve as a leading indicator of norovirus outbreaks and inform outbreak response efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2026.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T13:57:49Z","timestamp":1779976669000},"page":"887-895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Norovirus wastewater monitoring during a community outbreak investigation in Pennsylvania"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0504-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon","family":"McGinnis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology, Harrisburg, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4030-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Negr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology, Harrisburg, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Cesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology, Harrisburg, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0638-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda M.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology, Harrisburg, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6078-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"},{"name":"c The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7973-088X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"McGraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"},{"name":"c The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3172-5770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bevin Durant","family":"Fidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology, Harrisburg, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9322-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Zwolenik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology, Harrisburg, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8096-664X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology, Harrisburg, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2026.034-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000198","article-title":"Norovirus GII wastewater monitoring for epidemiological surveillance","volume":"3","author":"Ammerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Water"},{"issue":"7","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2026.034-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3107.250524","article-title":"Increasing predominance of norovirus GII. 17 over GII. 4, United States, 2022\u20132025","volume":"31","author":"Barclay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2026.034-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00455-17","article-title":"Genetic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States from 2013 to 2016 demonstrated emergence of novel GII.4 recombinant viruses","volume":"55","author":"Cannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2026.034-4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024a) Norovirus Facts and Stats. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/norovirus\/data-research\/index.html."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2026.034-5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024b) About Norovirus. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/norovirus\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2026.034-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118610","article-title":"Back-estimation of norovirus infections through wastewater-based epidemiology: a systematic review and parameter sensitivity","volume":"219","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2026.034-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis251","article-title":"Noroviruses: the perfect human pathogens?","volume":"205","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"21","key":"key-10.2166\/wh.2026.034-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01981-14","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis A virus and norovirus 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