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Next-generation secondary wastewater treatment processes are now being considered to enhance compatibility in potable reuse schemes. This perspective analyzes the role of competing next-generation biotechnologies such as integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) and the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR), Modified Ludzack-Ettinger membrane bioreactor (MLE-MBR) and anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) upstream of reverse osmosis (RO)- and activated carbon (AC)-based AWP, and their ability to enhance contaminant removal and improve overall efficiency of AWP. Both MLE-MBR and AnMBR significantly enhance the removal of suspended solids, organics, and microbial contaminants through membrane filtration. AnMBR offers the possibility of net energy-positive operation but does not remove nitrogen, limiting compatibility with AWP. MLE-MBR removes nitrogen but has significantly greater energy demand due to aeration and mixed liquor return pumping. Overall, next-generation biotechnologies provide flexible and effective solutions to enhance secondary effluent quality, supporting safe and regulation-compliant IPR and DPR applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2026.134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T17:08:09Z","timestamp":1774372089000},"page":"203-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perspectives on next-generation secondary wastewater treatment for potable reuse applications"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0617-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raven C.","family":"Althouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harmita","family":"Golwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Saldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisol","family":"Cira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Sawaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu Ying","family":"Wee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binglin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Philo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wrd.2026.134-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.126965"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wrd.2026.134-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120170"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wrd.2026.134-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14908"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wrd.2026.134-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2025.100796"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wrd.2026.134-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2020.101233"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wrd.2026.134-6","unstructured":"Amos D. 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