{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T12:35:45Z","timestamp":1791030945263,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Development, population growth and climate change have pressurized water stress in the world. Being an urbanized coastal city, Hong Kong has adopted a dual water supply system since the 1950s for seawater toilet flushing for 80% of its 7 million inhabitants. Despite its success in saving 750,000 m3\/day of freshwater, the saline sewage (consisting of about 20\u201330% of seawater) appears to have sacrificed the urban water cycle in terms of wastewater reuse and recycling. Can seawater toilet flushing be applied without affecting the urban water cycle with respect to sustainable water resource management? To address this issue, we examined the entire urban water cycle and developed an innovative water resource management system by integrating freshwater, seawater and reclaimed grey water into a sustainable, low-freshwater demand, low-energy consumption, and low-cost triple water supply (TWS) system. The applicability of this novel system has been demonstrated at the Hong Kong International Airport which reduced 52% of its freshwater demand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2012.768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,6]],"date-time":"2012-03-06T11:16:52Z","timestamp":1331032612000},"page":"410-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Integration of seawater and grey water reuse to maximize alternative water resource for coastal areas: the case of the Hong Kong International Airport"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"R. W. K.","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Airport Authority Hong Kong, HKIA Tower, 1 Sky Plaza Road, Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. C. H.","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Airport Authority Hong Kong, HKIA Tower, 1 Sky Plaza Road, Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. K.","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Airport Authority Hong Kong, HKIA Tower, 1 Sky Plaza Road, Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. K.","family":"Chui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR Government, Tsuen Wan Government Offices, 38 Sai Lau Kok Road, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. O.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Supplies Department, Hong Kong SAR Government, 48\/F Immigration Tower, 7 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C. M.","family":"van Loosdrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft and KWR Watercycle Research, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. H.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/65\/3\/410\/442312\/410.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/65\/3\/410\/442312\/410.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T22:06:36Z","timestamp":1585346796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/65\/3\/410\/14233\/Integration-of-seawater-and-grey-water-reuse-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2012.768","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}}}