{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:56:19Z","timestamp":1777503379837,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are considered to be environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence and ubiquity in the environment. Little information is known about the presence of brominated flame retardants in South Africa's water systems. Therefore, this study examined and compared different extraction methods (liquid\u2013liquid (LL) vs. solid phase (SP) for water, Soxhlet extraction (SE) vs. ultrasonic for sediment) for extraction efficiencies in the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in water and sediment from Jukskei River. Clean-up of sample extracts was performed using disposable Pasteur pipettes containing neutral, acidified and basic silica gel. Final extracts, after concentration and dilution to 200 \u03bcL were analyzed by injecting 1 \u03bcL in the GC-ECD and GC-MS. Results obtained showed good recoveries for most of the tested analytes in water; for LLE, values ranged between 80.5 \u00b1 10.22% and 126.6 \u00b1 1.94%; SPE, 70.41 \u00b1 2.01%\u2013124.78 \u00b1 3.78% (n = 3) and for sediment (73\u2013114%, with an RSD &amp;lt;17%) using SE. The ultrasonic extraction method gave less than 50% recovery for most of the congeners. The concentrations of the BFRs in water samples were less than the detection limit while the concentrations in sediment ranged from 1.95 to 36.61 ng g\u22121 dry weight for \u03a311 BFRs. Dichloromethane and n-hexane : acetone (2 : 1, v\/v) gave optimum value of recovery for water and sediment respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2012.894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,26]],"date-time":"2012-01-26T11:19:46Z","timestamp":1327576786000},"page":"743-749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Determination of brominated flame retardants in Jukskei River catchment area in Gauteng, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"O. I.","family":"Olukunle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O. J.","family":"Okonkwo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. K.","family":"Kefeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Lupankwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/65\/4\/743\/442420\/743.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/65\/4\/743\/442420\/743.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T22:01:39Z","timestamp":1585346499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/65\/4\/743\/14665\/Determination-of-brominated-flame-retardants-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2012.894","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}}}