{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:23:17Z","timestamp":1778635397050,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sanitation in urban slums, especially in countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, is a challenge. One of the solutions to sanitation is to valorize waste, and to convert bio-waste present in the slum in a cheap and affordable way into lignite via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). HTC is simple, cheap, converts all carbon (100%), eliminates pathogens completely, and requires wet starting products\/biomass, thereby avoiding complicated drying schemes. In this research, we investigated the effectiveness of removing a divalent metal-ion, cadmium, using equilibrium batch experiments and columns of sand-supported hydrothermally carbonized colloidal lignite (HTCCL) derived from sugar, maize, and grass. Our results indicated that equilibrium sorption could be best described by a Langmuir isotherm. The uptake capacity varied from 0.11 to 0.21 mg Cd\/g HTC, dependent on the type of HTC used. These values were relatively low compared to other carbonaceous sorbents. However, removal efficiencies in column experiments were remarkably high: 70\u2013100% during 20\u201324 pore volumes or bed volumes of flushing. We concluded that HTCCL is a promising sorbent that can be used to treat heavily polluted water and\/or wastewater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2014.175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]],"date-time":"2014-06-25T10:37:28Z","timestamp":1403692648000},"page":"2504-2509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sorption of cadmium in columns of sand-supported hydrothermally carbonized particles"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"J. M. V.","family":"Minani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. W.","family":"Foppen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. N. L.","family":"Lens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]]},"container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/69\/12\/2504\/470834\/2504.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/69\/12\/2504\/470834\/2504.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T04:59:45Z","timestamp":1585371585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/69\/12\/2504\/18295\/Sorption-of-cadmium-in-columns-of-sandsupported"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2014.175","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]]}}}