{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T08:45:54Z","timestamp":1761986754515,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is of particular environmental concern due to its toxicity, mobility, and challenging removal from industrial wastewater. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is carcinogenic and mutagenic and diffuses quickly through soil and aquatic environments. Moreover, it does not form insoluble compounds in aqueous solutions; therefore, separation by precipitation is not feasible. While Cr(VI) oxyanions are very mobile and toxic in the environment, trivalent Cr(III) cations are the opposite and, like many metal cations, Cr(III) forms insoluble precipitates. Thus, reducing Cr(VI)\u2013Cr(III) simplifies its removal from effluent and also reduces its toxicity and mobility. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) with zero-valent iron (ZVI) have been used to remediate contaminated groundwater with metals, but using ZVI in remediation of contaminated groundwater or wastewater is limited due to its lack of stability, easy aggregation, and difficulty in separation of iron from the treated solution. Thus, the technology used in the present study is developed to address these problems by placing a layer of bentonite after the PRB layer to remove iron from the treated water. The removal rates of Cr(VI) under different values of pH were investigated, and the results indicated the highest adsorption capacity at low pH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2014.493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T12:02:24Z","timestamp":1426507344000},"page":"667-674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using micro zero-valent iron supported by bentonite layer"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Waseem","family":"Daoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taghi","family":"Ebadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Fahimifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022983919644","article-title":"Chemical and electrochemical considerations on the removal process of hexavalent chromium from aqueous media","volume":"33","author":"Barrera-D\u00edaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(00)00122-4","article-title":"Treatment of inorganic contaminants using permeable reactive barriers","volume":"45","author":"Blowes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.08.029","article-title":"Reduction of chromate from electroplating wastewater from pH 1 to 2 using fluidized zero valent iron process","volume":"142","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.08.120","article-title":"Modeling and evaluation on removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous systems using fixed bed column","volume":"185","author":"Cheuhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.12.062","article-title":"The use of zero-valent iron for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment: a review","volume":"267","author":"Fua","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.01.013","article-title":"Removal of toxic metal Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using sawdust as adsorbent: equilibrium, kinetics and regeneration studies","volume":"150","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"15","key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.02.049","article-title":"Chromium(VI) removal by maghemite nanoparticles","volume":"222","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"14","key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8078","DOI":"10.1021\/es405804m","article-title":"Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction by humic acid coated on magnetite","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.05.098","article-title":"Application of dolochar in the removal of cadmium and hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solutions","volume":"192","author":"Panda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1021\/es9911420","article-title":"Remediation of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) aqueous solutions using supported, nanoscale zero-valent iron","volume":"34","author":"Ponder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C11","first-page":"1962","article-title":"Removal of toxic metal hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from aqueous solution using starch \u2013 stabilized nanoscale zero valent iron as adsorbent: equilibrium and kinetics","volume":"2","author":"Selvarani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.09.025","article-title":"Removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater using bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron","volume":"45","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-011-0350-y","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and role of zero-valent iron nanoparticle in removal of hexavalent chromium from chromium-spiked soil","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C14","first-page":"359","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals from groundwater affected by acid mine drainage","volume":"50","author":"Suponik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process."},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C15","volume-title":"Method # 7000, SW-846","author":"US-EPA","year":"1986","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.11.046","article-title":"Cr(VI) reduction in wastewater using a bimetallic galvanic reactor","volume":"176","author":"Violeta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C17","first-page":"74","article-title":"Reduction of hexavalent chromium at solid electrodes in acidic media: reaction mechanism and analytical applications","volume":"65","author":"Welch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2020032802155478400_WST-EM14761R2C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.03.076","article-title":"Enhancement of electrokinetic remediation of hyper-Cr(VI) contaminated clay by zero-valent iron","volume":"149","author":"Weng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/71\/5\/667\/469539\/wst071050667.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/71\/5\/667\/469539\/wst071050667.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T06:55:33Z","timestamp":1585378533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/71\/5\/667\/18818\/Removal-of-hexavalent-chromium-from-aqueous"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2014.493","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0273-1223"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-9732"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]]}}}