{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:31:59Z","timestamp":1789511519848,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Survey of schools of different education levels (primary, intermediate and secondary) in Kuwait showed an average greywater generation rate of 7.3 L\/p\/d and varied in the range of 2.9\u201316 l\/p\/d, reflecting the school level of education (i.e. student age). The highest rates were observed for primary schools while the lowest rates were observed in secondary schools where students are more mature and use the water more wisely. The greywater characteristics indicated waste with low chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) values but relatively high solids, conductivity, and sodium content due to excessive use of hand soap. Total coliform values ranged between 89 and 352 most probable number (MPN)\/mL with an average of 196 MPN\/mL while no fecal coliform values were detected. Greywater collected from schools is classified as light greywater and contains much lower levels of organic matter and nutrients compared to residential greywater and domestic wastewater. It is suitable for non-potable reuse after minimal treatment since microbial contamination may pose a serious threat to health if greywater comes into contact with humans. It also provides a good opportunity for reuse in toilet flushing since it can be easily collected from wash sinks and fountains, as major sources, and recycled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,13]],"date-time":"2015-12-13T10:26:41Z","timestamp":1450002401000},"page":"1973-1980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Quantification and characterization of greywater from schools"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Abdalrahman D.","family":"Alsulaili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060 Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed F.","family":"Hamoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060 Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.9790\/3021-02943135","article-title":"Suitability of greywater recycling as decentralized alternative water supply option for integrated urban water management","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.7603\/s40632-015-0002-y","article-title":"Physical and chemical characteristics of drinking water quality in Kuwait: tap vs. bottled water","volume":"3","author":"Alsulaili","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eng. Res."},{"key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C3","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"APHA","year":"2005","edition":"21st edn"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000738","article-title":"Disinfection methods for treating low TOC, light graywater to California title 22 water reuse standards","volume":"139","author":"Beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng., ASCE"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.675","article-title":"A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes","volume":"67","author":"Boyjoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wat. Sci Technol."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(96)00134-8","article-title":"An investigation into greywater reuse for urban residential properties","volume":"106","author":"Christova-Boal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S1462-0758(00)00031-5","article-title":"Measurement and modelling of quality changes in stored untreated greywater","volume":"1","author":"Dixon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urban Water"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1462-0758(01)00064-4","article-title":"Characteristics of grey wastewater","volume":"4","author":"Eriksson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urban Water"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2004.9619393","article-title":"Quality of individual domestic greywater streams and its implication for on-site treatment and reuse possibilities","volume":"25","author":"Friedler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environmental Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1533-0","article-title":"Characteristics and treatment of greywater \u2013 a review","volume":"20","author":"Ghaitidak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.12.029","article-title":"Greywater characteristics and treatment options for rural areas in Jordan","volume":"99","author":"Halalsheh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C12","author":"Hamoda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Potential of Greywater Use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Manual Presented to CEHA, Centre for Environmental Heath Activities"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1983.0206","article-title":"Greywater characteristics, health concerns and treatment technology","volume":"15","author":"Hrudey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Wat. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/02508060.2006.9709671","article-title":"Assessment of availability and characteristics of greywater in Amman","volume":"31","author":"Jamrah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C15","first-page":"939","article-title":"Residential water conservation: Casa Del Agua","volume":"26","author":"Karpiscak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C16","volume-title":"Protection of Marine and Coastal Environment","author":"KEPA","year":"2001"},{"key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2174\/1874829501104010147","article-title":"Greywater characteristicsandreuse in towergardensin Peri-Urban areas \u2013 experiences of Kawaala, Kampala, Uganda","volume":"4","author":"Kulabako","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Open Environ. Eng. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.02.004","article-title":"Review of the technological approaches for greywater treatment and reuse","volume":"407","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1021\/es902646g","article-title":"Safe on-site reuse of greywater for irrigation \u2013 a critical review of current guidelines","volume":"44","author":"Maimon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2010.11.001","article-title":"Water conservation due to greywater treatment and reuse in urban setting with specific context to developing countries","volume":"55","author":"Mandal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(04)00192-4","article-title":"Experiences on greywater reuse for toilet flushing in a hotel (Mallorca Island, Spain)","volume":"164","author":"March","year":"2004","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.05.004","article-title":"Potential freshwater saving using greywater in toilet flushing in Syria","volume":"92","author":"Mourad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C23","volume-title":"Greywater reuse in Rural Schools, Guidance Manual","author":"NEERI","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1462-0758(00)00023-6","article-title":"Greywater reuse systems for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings \u2013 over ten years experience in Berlin","volume":"1","author":"Nolde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Urban Water"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2005.01.018","article-title":"Overcoming constraints in treated greywater reuse in Oman","volume":"186","author":"Prathapar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Desalination."},{"key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C26","volume-title":"Greywater systems \u2013 Benefits, Drawbacks and User of Greywater","author":"Reschke","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C27","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Safe use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater: Vol. 4 Excreta and Greywater use in Agriculture","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"2020032803193781800_WST-EM15563R2C28","volume-title":"Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality","author":"WHO","year":"2011","edition":"4th edn"}],"container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/72\/11\/1973\/465216\/wst072111973.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/72\/11\/1973\/465216\/wst072111973.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T08:03:18Z","timestamp":1585382598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/72\/11\/1973\/19284\/Quantification-and-characterization-of-greywater"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2015.408","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,8]]}}}