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Additionally, material exposure to the urine-rainwater mixture resulted in the smallest amount of scale formation. Based on these results, two new methods for improving sanitation practices are proposed: (1) using PVC as production material for urinals and pipelines; and (2) using rainwater for flushing systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,13]],"date-time":"2015-12-13T10:26:41Z","timestamp":1450002401000},"page":"2027-2033","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The effect of material and flushing water type on urine scale formation"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Shervin","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterfirst Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mooyoung","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterfirst Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tschungil","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2020032802483225300_WST-EM15845R1C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101320","article-title":"Urinating standing versus sitting: position is of influence in men with prostate enlargement. 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