{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:30:02Z","timestamp":1770841802702,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the effectiveness of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel beads in treating domestic wastewater was investigated: a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) configuration (oxic-anoxic and oxic) with 10% filling fraction of biomass carriers was operated in a continuously fed regime at temperatures of 25, 20, 15 and 6 \u00b0C with hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 32 h, 18 h, 12 h and 9 h, respectively. Influent loadings were in the range of 0.22\u20131.22 kg N m\u22123 d\u22121 (total nitrogen (TN)), 1.48\u20137.82 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m\u22123 d\u22121 (organic) and 0.12\u20130.89 kg NH4+-N m\u22123d\u22121 (ammonia nitrogen). MBBR performance resulted in the maximum TN removal rate of 1.22 kg N m\u22123 d\u22121 when the temperature and HRT were 6 \u00b0C and 9 h, respectively. The carbon removal rate at this temperature and HRT was 6.82 kg COD m\u22123 d\u22121. Ammonium removal rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.75 kg NH4+-N m\u22123 d\u22121 during the study. Total phosphorus and suspended solid removal efficiency ranged from 84 to 98% and 85 to 94% at an influent concentration of 3.3\u20137.1 mg\/L and 74\u2013356 mg\/L, respectively. The sludge wasted from the MBBR exhibited light weight features characterized by sludge volume index value of 185 mL\/g. Experimental data obtained can be useful in further developing the concept of PVA gel based wastewater treatment systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]],"date-time":"2015-12-18T04:12:43Z","timestamp":1450411963000},"page":"1511-1519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Nitrogen and carbon removal efficiency of a polyvinyl alcohol gel based moving bed biofilm reactor system"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Khalid Muzamil","family":"Gani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Group, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee Uttrakhand 247667, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasdeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Group, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee Uttrakhand 247667, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitin Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Group, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee Uttrakhand 247667, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muntjeer","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Group, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee Uttrakhand 247667, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vipin","family":"Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuraray India Private Limited, New Delhi 110017, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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