{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:59:59Z","timestamp":1787677199774,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Methylene blue (MB) commonly found in the textile industry effluent has been chosen as a model dye to investigate bioremediation using Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441. Both free cells and calcium alginate immobilized cells have been used to remove MB from the effluent. The operating variables of initial concentration of dye (20\u201360 mg\/L), inoculum size (4\u20138%) and temperature (25\u201335 \u00b0C) have been varied judiciously during the kinetic study in a batch contactor. A maximum removal of 91.68% is obtained when 20 mg\/L MB solution was inoculated with 8% inoculum and cultured for 6 h at 30 \u00b0C. Continuous removal of MB has been studied in a fixed bed contactor using immobilized cells as packing materials. Influent concentration (10\u201330 mg\/L) was varied and breakthrough parameters have been determined. With increase in influent concentration from 10 mg\/L to 30 mg\/L, percentage removal of dye decreases from 72.44% to 49.62%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T02:00:29Z","timestamp":1485223229000},"page":"1572-1583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Bioremediation of methylene blue dye using Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Ganta","family":"Upendar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susmita","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinaki","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology Kolkata, Kolkata 700107, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement Materiaalkunde, KU Leuven, KasteelparkArenberg 44 bus 2450, Heverlee-Leuven B-3001, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032807072528400_WST-EM161357R1C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.01.029","article-title":"Methylene blue biosorption by Rhizopus arrhizus: effect of SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) surfactant on biosorption properties","volume":"158","author":"Aksu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032807072528400_WST-EM161357R1C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2013.01.006","article-title":"Decolourization of Amaranth dye by bacterial biofilm in batch and continuous packed bed bioreactor","volume":"79","author":"Anjaneya","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation"},{"key":"2020032807072528400_WST-EM161357R1C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.02.030","article-title":"Calcium alginate bentonite activated carbon composite beads as highly effective adsorbent for methylene blue","volume":"270","author":"Benhouria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032807072528400_WST-EM161357R1C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2011.11.125","article-title":"Treatment of pollutants from wastewater: adsorption of methylene blue onto olive-based activated carbon","volume":"18","author":"Berrios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry"},{"key":"2020032807072528400_WST-EM161357R1C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.10.031","article-title":"Sequestration of reactive blue 4 by free and immobilized Bacillus subtilis cells and its extracellular polysaccharides","volume":"76","author":"Binupriya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces"},{"key":"2020032807072528400_WST-EM161357R1C6","unstructured":"Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) 2012 Indian standard specification for drinking water. 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