{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:29:17Z","timestamp":1780320557393,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]],"date-time":"2018-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clear sand adsorbs 15\u201335% total phosphorus (P) from septic tank effluent, but P is mobilized when low-P effluent is applied. Amorphous P compounds formed by alkali aluminate chemical addition may also be subject to leaching. Crystalline mineralization is the desired end effect that isolates P thoroughly from the water resource. Using new low-energy iron electrochemistry (EC-P process), dissolved ferrous iron reacts with sewage phosphate ions (PO4) and precipitates onto filtration medium as vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2\u00b78H2O], as identified by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction and predicted from Eh\u2013pH\u2013aHPO42\u2212 phase relations. Removal rates of 90\u201399% in sand, soil and synthetic foam filters are obtained. The precipitation of vivianite demonstrates that P can be immobilized quickly and without intermediary adsorption phases, as with Fe-rich soils. Vitreous silicate material (VSM) or rockwool that traps and precipitates mineral P after EC-P treatment was investigated as a means of P reuse as a fertilizing soil amendment. Comparative soil leaching and growth studies using corn plants demonstrate that the VSM alone reduces P losses from soils, and that VSM which has received EC-P effluent is equivalent to or better than commercial superphosphate fertilizer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,16]],"date-time":"2018-03-16T12:05:40Z","timestamp":1521201940000},"page":"1967-1978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Removal of sewage phosphorus by adsorption and mineral precipitation, with recovery as a fertilizing soil amendment"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Craig","family":"Jowett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterloo Biofilter Systems Inc., P.O. Box 400, Rockwood, ON, CanadaN0B 2K0"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Solntseva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON,CanadaN1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaN2 L 3G1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterloo Biofilter Systems Inc., P.O. Box 400, Rockwood, ON, CanadaN0B 2K0"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Glasauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON,CanadaN1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.09.032","article-title":"Fe(III) reduction-mediated phosphate removal as vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2\u20228H2O) in septic system wastewater","volume":"97","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C2","unstructured":"Barber, T. M. 2002 Phosphate Adsorption by Mixed and Reduced Iron Phases in Static and Dynamic Systems . MSc thesis, Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA."},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C3","volume-title":"Phosphorus Removal From Human Wastewater by Direct Dosing of Alum to a Septic Tank","year":"1976"},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C4","year":"1974"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C5","first-page":"18","article-title":"Assessment of the fertilizing effect of vivianite on the growth and yield of the bean \u2018Phaseolus vulgaris\u2019 on oxisoils from Ngaoundere (central north Cameroon)","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1999.0470307","article-title":"Interaction of synthetic sulphate \u2018green rust\u2019 with phosphate and the crystallization of vivianite","volume":"47","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner."},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C7","volume-title":"Evaluation of Methods to Control Phosphorus in Areas Served by Onsite Septic Systems","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.10.023","article-title":"The future for electrocoagulation as a localized treatment technology","volume":"59","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C9","article-title":"Nutrient abatement in domestic septic systems: research initiatives of the Ontario Ministry of Environment & Energy","year":"1997"},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C10","article-title":"Mimicking nature to remove phosphorus in leach fields","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C11","first-page":"16","article-title":"Economical and effective phosphorus removal for septic systems","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C12","unstructured":"Masood, G. & Recht, H. L.1971Phosphate Precipitation with Ferrous Iron. Water Pollution Control Research Series 17010 EKI, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C13","unstructured":"MASSTC 2003 Environmental Technology Initiative pan Lysimeter Data From Underdrained Title 5 Sand Filter Study. Massachusetts Alternative Septic System Test Center, Barnstable County Department of Health and Environment, Barnstable, MA, USA."},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1126\/science.186.4158.53","article-title":"Phosphate release and sorption by soils and sediments: effect of aerobic and anaerobic conditions","volume":"186","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020032811074347300_WST-EM17384C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7722(95)00022-N","article-title":"Development of steady state phosphate concentrations in septic system plumes","volume":"19","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Contam. 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