{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T21:00:03Z","timestamp":1778187603503,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Antibiotics are known today as emerging contaminants due to potentially adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and the health of humans and animals, even at very low concentrations. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the UV\/S2O8 process and affecting factors (pH, initial metronidazole (MNZ) concentration, initial persulfate concentration and reaction time) in removing antibiotic MNZ. The results obtained from the experiments showed that the UV\/S2O8 process efficiency is higher in acidic pH values due to production of further radical SO4\u2212 and increases with extended contact time, but the efficiency of the process is reduced by increasing the concentration of MNZ. In assessing the effect of initial persulfate concentration on the process efficiency, MNZ removal efficiency was also increased by 99.5% after contact time of 35 min with increasing the initial persulfate concentration up to 1 g\/L. However, the process efficiency was decreased at higher concentrations (2 mg\/L) due to reaction of sulfate radicals with each other or with persulfate and its saturation. The kinetic data fitted the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R2 &amp;gt; 99%). The findings of this study clearly demonstrated the high potential of the UV\/S2O8 process in the degradation of MNZ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T01:10:44Z","timestamp":1519953044000},"page":"126-133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Evaluation of UV\/S2O8 process efficiency for removal of metronidazole (MNZ) from aqueous solutions"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Amin Allah","family":"Zarei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Tavassoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edris","family":"Bazrafshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.130","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water and wastewater: progress and challenges","volume":"532","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.06.024","article-title":"Assessment of degradation of 18 antibiotics in the Closed Bottle Test","volume":"57","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.03.112","article-title":"Removal of antibiotic compounds by adsorption using glycerol-based carbon materials","volume":"296","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1021\/es503741d","article-title":"Activation of persulfate by irradiated magnetite: implications for the degradation of phenol under heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like conditions","volume":"49","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14598","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1065764","article-title":"Biosorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions by Trichoderma fungus: kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium study","volume":"57","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalination and Water Treatment"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(02)00007-8","article-title":"Is metronidazole carcinogenic?","volume":"511","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2014.08.023","article-title":"Removal of the antibiotic metronidazole by adsorption on various carbon materials from aqueous phase","volume":"436","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.09.119","article-title":"Occurrence and behavior of antibiotics in water and sediments from the Huangpu River, Shanghai, China","volume":"95","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.09.020","article-title":"Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of chlortetracycline using Ti\/TiO2 photo-anode with simultaneous H2O2 production","volume":"87","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochimica Acta"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.11.012","article-title":"The evaluation of electrical energy per order (E(Eo)) for photooxidative decolorization of four textile dye solutions by the kinetic model","volume":"59","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s6907","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change","volume":"107","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C12","first-page":"85","article-title":"Hazard prioritization and risk characterization of antibiotics in an irrigated Costa Rican region used for intensive crop, livestock and aquaculture farming","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Biology"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.02.045","article-title":"Degradation of the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine upon different UV-based advanced oxidation processes in water","volume":"222","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.02.019","article-title":"Comparison of different advanced oxidation processes for treatment of antibiotic aqueous solution","volume":"256","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.09.051","article-title":"Effective removal of antibiotic metronidazole from water by nanoscale zero-valent iron particles","volume":"268","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4947","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2013.810322","article-title":"Degradation of metronidazole in aqueous solution by nano-ZnO\/UV photocatalytic process","volume":"52","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination and Water Treatment"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole with illuminated TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"35","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C18","first-page":"248","article-title":"Ultraviolet (UV) light-activated persulfate oxidation of sulfamethazine in water","volume":"195","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S1093-0191(03)00032-7","article-title":"A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions","volume":"8","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances in Environmental Research"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1229-x","article-title":"Photochemical degradation of ciprofloxacin in UV and UV\/H2O2 process: kinetics, parameters, and products","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620191011","article-title":"Biodegradability properties of sulfonamides in activated sludge","volume":"19","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2016.04.019","article-title":"Combined electrocoagulation and UV-based sulfate radical oxidation processes for treatment of pulp and paper wastewater","volume":"102","year":"2016","journal-title":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C23","first-page":"362","article-title":"Removal of ciprofloxacin from water by birnessite","volume":"250","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"issue":"151","key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C24","first-page":"140","article-title":"Efficiency of sono-nano-catalytic process of TiO2 nano-particle in removal of erythromycin and metronidazole from aqueous solution","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.04.104","article-title":"Kinetic and mechanism investigation on the photochemical degradation of atrazine with activated H2O2, S2O82\u2212 and HSO5\u2212","volume":"252","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C26","first-page":"27","article-title":"Persulfate oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid under the temperatures of 20\u201340 \u00b0C","volume":"198","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2014.04.002","article-title":"Degradation of ciprofloxacin by UV\/S2O82\u2212 process in a large photoreactor","volume":"285","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2012.10.017","article-title":"Performance of UV\/S2O82\u2212 process in degrading polyvinyl alcohol in aqueous solutions","volume":"252","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.08.090","article-title":"Degradation of atenolol by UV\/peroxymonosulfate: kinetics, effect of operational parameters and mechanism","volume":"93","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.11.027","article-title":"Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: a review","volume":"47","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/1536383X.2013.866944","article-title":"Amoxicillin removal from aqueous media using multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"23","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C32","first-page":"1","article-title":"UV activation of persulfate for removal of penicillin G antibiotics in aqueous solution","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific World Journal"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1814-7","article-title":"Facile, effective, and environment-friendly degradation of sulfamonomethoxine in aqueous solution with the aid of a UV\/oxone oxidative process","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2228-5547-3-16","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of tylosin via ultraviolet-activated persulfate in aqueous solution","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Chemistry"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026","article-title":"A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment","volume":"65","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C36","first-page":"227","article-title":"Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of ciprofloxacin in water with carbon nanotube supported manganese oxides as catalyst","volume":"227\u2013228","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.05.116","article-title":"Oxidative degradation of TMAH solution with UV persulfate activation","volume":"254","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.04.125","article-title":"Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by UV-activated persulfate: performance and characteristics","volume":"300","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C39","first-page":"138","article-title":"Degradation of Acid Orange 7 in aqueous solution by a novel electro\/Fe2+\/peroxydisulfate process","volume":"215\u2013216","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(11)60844-9","article-title":"Degradation kinetics and mechanism of aniline by heat-assisted persulfate oxidation","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2010.01.012","article-title":"Degradation of azo dye Orange G in aqueous solutions by persulfate with ferrous ion","volume":"72","year":"2010","journal-title":"Separation and Purification Technology"},{"key":"2020032815060208700_WST-EM171284C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.03.083","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from aqueous solution using carbon materials","volume":"153","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/2017\/1\/126\/216517\/wst2017010126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/2017\/1\/126\/216517\/wst2017010126.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T19:06:15Z","timestamp":1585422375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/2017\/1\/126\/38748\/Evaluation-of-UVS2O8-process-efficiency-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2018.096","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]}}}