{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T22:12:49Z","timestamp":1787955169273,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The bio-flocculants used in this study were synthesised by the Mannich reaction, which includes three reagents: a substrate (tannin extracts of Acacia, Quebracho, and Castanea), formaldehyde, and an amine derivative (ethanolamine, diethanolamine, ammonium chloride). Nine natural flocculants were prepared by combining extracts and amines; these products were evaluated in three different wastewater samples in two experimental phases. In phase I, five physicochemical parameters were analysed. From the data obtained, a multivariate, completely randomised design (CRD-Manava) was used, with a factorial arrangement and mean plots. In phase II, the three bio-flocculants with the most statistically significant responses and their mixtures were examined, evaluating 14 biological and physicochemical parameters. Statistical analysis was guided in this phase by CRD blocks, finding a significant removal in the physicochemical parameters analysed in the different types of wastewater and obtaining removal rates between 50 and 90%, depending on the parameter. At the end of both phases, the bio-flocculants acacia-ammonium chloride and quebracho-diethanolamine were the most efficient in the removal of turbidity (34\u201399%), true colour (93\u2013100%) and total solids (12\u201399%). In addition, the natural flocculants showed low mutagenicity index (MI: 0.33\u20130.93) compared to aluminium sulphate (MI: 4.87\u20138.81).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T18:54:20Z","timestamp":1538679260000},"page":"1115-1128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Modified tannins and their application in wastewater treatment"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"W. A.","family":"Arismendi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences Centre EULA, Environmental Sciences Faculty, EULA, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Casilla 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s E.","family":"Ortiz-Ardila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Faculty, Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. V.","family":"Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogot\u00e1, Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, 7th Street # 40-62, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Lugo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogot\u00e1, Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, 7th Street # 40-62, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis G.","family":"Sequeda-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogot\u00e1, Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, 7th Street # 40-62, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crisp\u00edn A.","family":"Celis-Zambrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogot\u00e1, Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, 7th Street # 40-62, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032813352573400_WST-EM18415C1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"American Public Health Association\/American Water Works Association\/Water Environment Federation","year":"1998","edition":"20th edn"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032813352573400_WST-EM18415C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3773(19980504)37:8<1044::AID-ANIE1044>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Modern variants of the mannich reaction","volume":"37","year":"1998","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032813352573400_WST-EM18415C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2009.01.039","article-title":"Municipal wastewater treatment by modified tannin flocculant agent","volume":"249","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2020032813352573400_WST-EM18415C4","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Removing heavy metals from polluted surface water with a tannin-based flocculant agent","volume":"165","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032813352573400_WST-EM18415C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.07.011","article-title":"New coagulant agents from tannin extracts: preliminary optimisation studies","volume":"162","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032813352573400_WST-EM18415C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-012-0037-2","article-title":"Performance and characterization of a new tannin-based coagulant","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Water Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032813352573400_WST-EM18415C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1039\/b201893d","article-title":"A greener approach to cotton dyeing. 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