{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:56:32Z","timestamp":1790664992322,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>One of the most common strategies for sewer cleaning is to generate flushing flows using flushing gates to store water in the upstream sewer pipe. Therefore it is important to obtain the flow information on the flushing waves and their eroding effects. In this study, the flow characteristics of the flushing wave and the flushing effect were investigated by a transient flow calculation using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The values of bottom shear stress were obtained and the effect of several factors are discussed. The water depth and the slope were related to the release rate of the storage volume, while the flushing volume determined the flushing distance at long sewer distances. The initial downstream water level was found to dramatically reduce the flushing effect. Equations based on the storage depth were developed to estimate the flushing effect, and suggestions for the installation and operation of flushing gates are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2019.269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T10:57:57Z","timestamp":1565261877000},"page":"290-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Numerical investigation on bottom shear stress induced by flushing gate for sewer cleaning"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Haoming","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Hydro China Huadong Engineering Corporation, Hangzhou 311122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Z.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2W2"},{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C1","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Numerical modelling of flushing waves in sewer channels","volume":"6","year":"2007","journal-title":"NOVATECH"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1996.0179","article-title":"Near bed solids transport in sewers","volume":"33","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/00221689609498448","article-title":"Mechanics of sewer sediment erosion and transport","volume":"34","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Research"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1992.0571","article-title":"The deposition and erosion of sediments in sewers","volume":"26","year":"1992","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1994.0657","article-title":"Fluid sediment in combined sewers","volume":"29","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C6","unstructured":"Ashley\n            R. M.\n          , Bertrand-KrajewskiJ. L., Hvitved-JacobsenT. & VerbanckM.2004Solids in Sewers. Scientific and Technical Report, No. 14. London."},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2016.376","article-title":"Sediment deposit thickness and its effect on critical velocity for incipient motion","volume":"74","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C8","first-page":"324","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of the scouring effects of flushing waves on sediment deposits","volume":"299","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:8(964)","article-title":"Dimensionless approach for the design of flushing gates in sewer channels","volume":"133","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15730620701726259","article-title":"Laboratory investigation on the effects of flushes on cohesive sediment beds","volume":"5","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urban Water Journal"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C11","first-page":"9","article-title":"Two-dimensional numerical simulation of bed-load transport of a finite-depth sediment layer: applications to channel flushing","volume":"143","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C12","first-page":"569","article-title":"Sediments in sewers","volume":"3","year":"1989","journal-title":"Water and Environment Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3826\/jhr.2009.3363","article-title":"Numerical simulation of flushing effect on sewer sediments and comparison of four sediment transport formulas","volume":"47","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C14","first-page":"1301","article-title":"A new planning procedure for sewer flushing","volume":"6","year":"2007","journal-title":"NOVATECH"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C15","article-title":"Behavior of the activated storage-volume of flushing waves on cleaning performance","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2005.0138","article-title":"Modeling of flushing waves for optimizing cleaning operations","volume":"52","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C17","article-title":"Performance and Operation of Flushing Devices\u2013Results of a Field and Laboratory Study","year":"2002"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1996.0162","article-title":"A review of model development based on sewer sediments research in the UK","volume":"33","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:5(463)","article-title":"Gate and vacuum flushing of sewer sediment: laboratory testing","volume":"130","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1992.0187","article-title":"Comparison of different methods to calculate bed shear stress","volume":"25","year":"1992","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:4(263)","article-title":"Boundary shear in circular pipes running partially full","volume":"126","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.278","article-title":"Sedimentation dynamics in combined sewer systems","volume":"68","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C23","first-page":"350","article-title":"Sulfide and methane production in sewer sediments","volume":"70","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C24","article-title":"The influence of cohesion on sediment behaviour in sewers","year":"1991"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1996.0214","article-title":"Design options for self-cleansing storm sewers","volume":"33","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C26","first-page":"125","article-title":"The influence of cohesion on sediment behavior","volume":"25","year":"1992","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1992.0189","article-title":"The influence of cohesion on sediment behaviour","volume":"25","year":"1992","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C28","first-page":"627","article-title":"Effect of sulfate and organic matter on the hydrogen sulfide formation in biofilms of filled sanitary sewers","volume":"60","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1998.0042","article-title":"Solids transport by flushing of combined sewers","volume":"37","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C30","article-title":"Behavior and pollution of sewer sediments","year":"1993"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C31","article-title":"Turbulence models and their application in hydraulics \u2013 a state of the art review","year":"1993"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10652-017-9550-z","article-title":"Experimental analysis of sediment incipient motion in rigid boundary open channels","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Fluid Mechanics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C33","first-page":"113","article-title":"Sediments flushing experiment in a trunk sewer","volume":"33","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C34","article-title":"Numerical simulation of a flush cleaning wave in a reservoir sewer in Offenbach\/Germany, Documentation","year":"2003"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C35","unstructured":"Schaffner\n            J.\n          \n          2008\n          Numerical Investigations on the Function of Flush Waves in A Reservoir Sewer. PhD thesis, Department of Hydromechanics and Hydraulics, Technischen Universitat Darmstadt, Germany."},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C36","article-title":"Numerical investigation of the self-acting flushing system HydroFlush GS in Frankenberg, Germany","year":"2006","journal-title":"Second Conference on Sewer Operation and Maintenance"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C37","article-title":"Numerical investigations of sewer flushing sunk waves - analysis of hydraulic boundary conditions and cleaning effectiveness","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C38","first-page":"189","article-title":"Numerical investigations on the effect of sewer cleaning flush waves under the influence of downstream water levels","volume":"367","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Conference"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C39","article-title":"Numerical investigations on the influence of hydraulic boundary conditions on the efficiency of sewer flushing","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.761","article-title":"Erosion resistance and behaviour of highly organic in-sewer sediment","volume":"69","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C41","unstructured":"Shahsavari\n            G.\n          \n          2018\n          Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flushing in Combined Sewer Networks-Case Study of A Parisian Trunk Sewer. PhD thesis, Prodig Lab, Paris-Diderot University, France."},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C42","article-title":"Evaluation of sediment removal efficiency of flushing devices regarding sewer system characteristics","year":"2008"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C43","first-page":"85","article-title":"Application of flushing tanks in simple sewer networks for in-sewer sediment erosion and transport","volume":"236","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Water Management Modeling"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:6(566)","article-title":"Erosion of sediment beds in sewers: model development","volume":"125","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Engineering"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2008.300","article-title":"In situ measurements of shear stresses of a flushing wave in a circular sewer using ultrasound","volume":"57","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"wpt2007036","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2007.036","article-title":"Impact of the level of approximation on modeling flushing waves","volume":"2","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Practice and Technology"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C47","article-title":"Deposition in combined sewers and their flushing behavior","year":"1986"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2003.0219","article-title":"Sewer sediment transport studies using an environmentally controlled annular flume","volume":"47","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-2692(00)80109-6","article-title":"Cohesive sediment transport modeling: European perspective. Coastal and estuarine fine sediment processes","volume":"3","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings in Marine Science"},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C50","unstructured":"Williams\n            D. J. A.\n          , WilliamsP. R. & CrabtreeR. W.1989Preliminary Investigations Into the Rheological Properties of Sewer Sediment Deposits and the Development of a Synthetic Material for Laboratory Studies. FWR Report, Swindon."},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C51","unstructured":"Wotherspoon\n            D. J. J.\n          \n          1994\n          The Movement of Cohesive Sediment in Large Combined Sewer. PhD thesis, Institute of Technology, University of Abertay, Dundee, UK."},{"key":"2020032813452316600_WST-EM19393C52","article-title":"Two-dimensional finite volume model for sediment transport in unsteady flow","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/80\/2\/290\/621081\/wst080020290.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/80\/2\/290\/621081\/wst080020290.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T17:49:45Z","timestamp":1585417785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/80\/2\/290\/69352\/Numerical-investigation-on-bottom-shear-stress"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2019.269","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]}}}