{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T01:37:15Z","timestamp":1783820235256,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Currently, reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc. are being overloaded by the demand for fresh water, due to rapid industrialization and population explosion, and also the effluents from industries and domestic wastewater are continuously polluting these resources. To address this issue, several decentralized wastewater treatment system (DWTS) have been installed all over the globe to reuse and recycle wastewater\/graywater for non-potable uses such as fire protection, toilet-flushing, and landscape irrigation. In this review, a comparison between different DWTS was carried out to evaluate their performance, merits and limitations. Hybrid technologies like the electrically enhanced biomass concentrator reactor and integration of physical\/ biological methods with bio-electrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells were found to be the most promising methods for near complete removal of pollutants from wastewater and also the issue of membrane fouling was reduced to a good extent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T16:49:38Z","timestamp":1580402978000},"page":"2091-2106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Comparative study on decentralized treatment technologies for sewage and graywater reuse \u2013 a review"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Mukul","family":"Bajpai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Energy and Environmental Engineering, NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surjit Singh","family":"Katoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Energy and Environmental Engineering, NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen Kumar","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Energy and Environmental Engineering, NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Decentralized wastewater treatment using passively aerated biological filter","volume":"40","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.04.045","article-title":"Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review","volume":"323","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.29121\/granthaalayah.v3.i12.2015.2882","article-title":"Review of the greywater and proposed greywater recycling scheme for agricultural irrigation reuses","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Research\u2013Granthaalayah"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C4","first-page":"178","article-title":"Decentralized biological compact unit for the removal of parasitic helminth ova during sewage treatment","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"EnvironmentAsia"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C5","volume-title":"Urban Wastewater and Agricultural Reuse Challenges in India","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2508-3_4","article-title":"Water footprint of a decentralised wastewater treatment strategy based on membrane technology","volume-title":"Environmental Water Footprints","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.12944\/CWE.11.2.01","article-title":"Potential of decentralised wastewater treatment systems applicable to India","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current World Environment"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.02.041","article-title":"Optimized MBR for greywater reuse systems in hotel facilities","volume":"193","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1021\/es902145g","article-title":"Development of a novel submerged membrane electro-bioreactor (SMEBR): performance for fouling reduction","volume":"44","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C10","first-page":"201","article-title":"Grey water treatment by a continuous process of an electrocoagulation unit and a submerged membrane bioreactor system","volume":"198","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.11.010","article-title":"On the performance of real grey water treatment using a submerged membrane bioreactor system","volume":"476","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Membrane Science"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2010.189","article-title":"Semicentralised supply and treatment systems: integrated infrastructure solutions for fast growing urban areas","volume":"61","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C13","volume-title":"Greywater Systems Part 2: Domestic Greywater Treatment Equipment, Requirements and Test Methods","author":"BS-8525-2","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2015.081","article-title":"Onsite management of tanker ships\u2019 rinse water by means of a compact bioreactor","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Practice and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2016.042","article-title":"Domestic wastewater treatment with a decentralized, simple technology biomass concentrator reactor","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2010.854","article-title":"Efficient degradation of MtBE and other gasoline-originated compounds by means of a biological reactor of novel conception: two case studies in Italy and the USA","volume":"61","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2017.055","article-title":"Sustainability of decentralized wastewater treatment technologies","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Practice and Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89644-1","article-title":"Reuse-oriented decentralized wastewater and sewage sludge treatment for small urbanized rural settlements in Brazil: an environmental cost-benefit analysis","volume-title":"Strategies and Tools for A Sustainable Rural Rio de Janeiro","author":"Nehren","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.07.020","article-title":"Biological combination processes for efficient removal of pharmaceutically active compounds from wastewater: a review and future perspectives","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.116","article-title":"Long-term operation of a novel electrically-enhanced biomass concentrator reactor for wastewater treatment","volume":"77","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-019-01679-z","article-title":"Membrane bioreactors for sustainable, fit-for-purpose greywater treatment: a critical review","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2017.1410581","article-title":"Wastewater treatment with a new electrically enhanced biomass concentrator reactor: trial application and technological perspectives","volume":"40","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-016-0377-4","article-title":"Decentralized domestic wastewater systems in developing countries: the case study of Harare (Zimbabwe)","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied Water Science"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.07.002","article-title":"Dealing with a cluster of large centralized municipal wastewater treatment plants: a case study","volume":"118","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.12.021","article-title":"Using coconut husks in a full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment system: the influence of an anaerobic filter on maintenance and operational conditions of a sand filter","volume":"127","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Algae turf scrubber and vertical constructed wetlands combined system for decentralized secondary wastewater treatment","volume":"26","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.08.037","article-title":"A low energy gravity-driven membrane bioreactor system for grey water treatment: permeability and removal performance of organics","volume":"542","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Membrane Science"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.07.065","article-title":"Greywater treatment in airports using anaerobic filter followed by UV disinfection: an efficient and low cost alternative","volume":"106","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2008.01.009","article-title":"Anaerobic domestic wastewater treatment with bamboo carrier anaerobic baffled reactor","volume":"62","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C31","first-page":"706","article-title":"Single house on-site grey water treatment using a submerged membrane bioreactor for toilet flushing","volume":"551","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C32","first-page":"39","article-title":"Greywater treatment in a submerged membrane sequencing batch reactor (SM-SBR)","volume":"31","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environment Protection Engineering"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C33","first-page":"5","article-title":"Treatment technologies for wastewater reuse: Fate of contaminants of emerging concern","volume-title":"Advanced Treatment Technologies for Urban Wastewater Reuse","author":"Fatta-Kassinos","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C34","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Non-Potable Uses of Recycled Water in Western Australia","author":"Government of Western Australia","year":"2011"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C35","volume-title":"Greywater Reuse","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1554-7531.2015.tb00141.x","article-title":"Application of a low cost ceramic filter to a membrane bioreactor for greywater treatment","volume":"87","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Environment Research"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C36a","volume-title":"Canadian Guidelines for Domestic Reclaimed Water for Use in Toilet and Urinal Flushing","author":"Health Canada","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.02.058","article-title":"New insight into fouling behavior and foulants accumulation property of cake sludge in a full-scale membrane bioreactor","volume":"510","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Membrane Science"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C38","first-page":"36","article-title":"Chemical composition of organic matters in domestic wastewater","volume":"262","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"17","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12879","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3747-1","article-title":"Status of decentralised wastewater treatment systems and barriers for implementation of nature-based systems in central and eastern Europe","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cathode-enhanced wastewater treatment in bioelectrochemical systems","volume":"1","year":"2018","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2009.08.002","article-title":"Reuse of treated sewage in Delhi city: microbial evaluation of STPs and reuse options","volume":"54","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)62204-4","article-title":"Study on membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactor in treating bathing wastewater","volume":"20","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2009.09.025","article-title":"The study of pathogenic microbial communities in graywater using membrane bioreactor","volume":"250","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2013.04.001","article-title":"A cost effective method for decentralized sewage treatment","volume":"92","year":"2014","journal-title":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.05.109","article-title":"Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for bioelectrochemical treatment of different wastewater streams","volume":"254","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C46","first-page":"203","article-title":"Source separation and decentralization","volume-title":"Water Quality Engineering","year":"2011"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C47","unstructured":"Lautze J. , StanderE., DrechselP., da SilvaA. K., KeraitaB.2014Global Experiences in Water Reuse. CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka, p. 31."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2885-8","article-title":"Membrane bioreactors and their uses in wastewater treatments","volume":"88","year":"2010","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.02.004","article-title":"Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses","volume":"407","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.06.034","article-title":"A fluidized bed membrane bioelectrochemical reactor for energy-efficient wastewater treatment","volume":"167","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.06.014","article-title":"Cathodic fluidized granular activated carbon assisted-membrane bioelectrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment","volume":"169","year":"2016","journal-title":"Separation and Purification Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.07.010","article-title":"To centralise or to decentralise: an overview of the most recent trends in wastewater treatment management","volume":"94","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.11.076","article-title":"Improving small-scale wastewater treatment plant performance by using a filtering tertiary treatment unit","volume":"232","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2017.07.013","article-title":"Cathodic groundwater denitrification with a bioelectrochemical system","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Water Process Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2009.10.001","article-title":"Performance of a pilot scale up-flow septic tank for on-site decentralized treatment of residential wastewater","volume":"88","year":"2010","journal-title":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection"},{"issue":"16","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2013.767285","article-title":"Treatment of domestic wastewater using conventional and baffled septic tanks","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.07.060","article-title":"Green technology in wastewater treatment technologies: integration of membrane bioreactor with various wastewater treatment systems","volume":"283","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.376","article-title":"Vertical flow constructed wetlands for decentralized wastewater treatment in Jordan: optimization of total nitrogen removal","volume":"671","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.267","article-title":"A review of greywater recycling related issues: challenges and future prospects in Malaysia","volume":"171","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.03.032","article-title":"Greywater use in Israel and worldwide: standards and prospects","volume":"58","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.10.005","article-title":"An introduction to the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for sustainable energy and product generation: relevance and key aspects","volume":"15","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75199-3","article-title":"Sustainable wastewater management through decentralized systems: case studies","volume-title":"Water Scarcity and Ways to Reduce the Impact","author":"Pannirselvam","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1680\/ensu.2007.160.3.119","article-title":"Greywater recycling: treatment options and applications","volume":"160","year":"2007","journal-title":"Engineering Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2175\/106143017X15131012152744","article-title":"Evaluation of a gravity flow membrane bioreactor for treating municipal wastewater","volume":"90","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Environment Research"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Graywater treatment technologies and reuse of reclaimed water for toilet flushing","volume":"26","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"17","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2014.1000761","article-title":"The characterization of feces and urine: a review of the literature to inform advanced treatment technology","volume":"45","year":"2015","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C67","first-page":"500","article-title":"Evaluation of decentralized treatment of sewage employing upflow septic tank\/baffled reactor (USBR) in developing countries","volume":"174","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2013.01.004","article-title":"Grey water reclamation by decentralized MBR prototype","volume":"72","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.02.010","article-title":"Domestic wastewater treatment by modified bio-rack wetland system","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Water Process Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.08.045","article-title":"Biological nitrogen and carbon removal in a gravity flow biomass concentrator reactor for municipal sewage treatment","volume":"90","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.09.002","article-title":"Current status of the pilot-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatments of domestic wastewaters: a critical review","volume":"247","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2014.413","article-title":"A review on full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment systems: techno-economical approach","volume":"71","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2017.1413860","article-title":"Microbial fuel cells: a sustainable solution for bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofuels"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C74","first-page":"45","article-title":"Small is beautiful but is large more economical? Fresh views on decentralized vs centralized wastewater management","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.03.112","article-title":"Performance of a novel ABR-bioelectricity-Fenton coupling reactor for treating traditional Chinese medicine wastewater containing catechol","volume":"177","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.035","article-title":"Microbial fuel cell-based biosensors for environmental monitoring: a review","volume":"71","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.03.015","article-title":"Decentralized light greywater treatment using aerobic digestion and hydrogen peroxide disinfection for non-potable reuse","volume":"99","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C79","author":"US EPA","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C80","author":"US EPA","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2014.018","article-title":"An approach on attached growth process for domestic wastewater treatment","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Engineering & Management Journal (EEMJ)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.393","article-title":"A new approach to implementing decentralized wastewater treatment concepts","volume":"72","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1766-y","article-title":"Electrocoagulation-integrated hybrid membrane processes for the treatment of tannery wastewater","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.10.001","article-title":"A comprehensive review of microbial electrochemical systems as a platform technology","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnology Advances"},{"issue":"21","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9256","DOI":"10.1021\/es2019803","article-title":"Development of a novel bioelectrochemical membrane reactor for wastewater treatment","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.03.029","article-title":"A microbial fuel cell\u2013membrane bioreactor integrated system for cost-effective wastewater treatment","volume":"98","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v109\/i12\/2204-2211","article-title":"A bibliometric review of research trends on bioelectrochemical systems","volume":"109","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2016.12.019","article-title":"Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in cold climate \u2013 A review","volume":"57","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C90","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Safe use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C90a","volume-title":"Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C90b","volume-title":"Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment","author":"WHO & UNICEF","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.11.041","article-title":"Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment using intermittently aerated vertical flow constructed wetlands: impact of influent strengths","volume":"176","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C92","volume-title":"WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme) Report 2017: Wastewater, The Untrapped Resource","author":"WWAP","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b07159","article-title":"Application of integrated bioelectrochemical-wetland systems for future sustainable wastewater treatment","volume":"53","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2018.11.007","article-title":"Critical review of bioelectrochemical systems integrated with membrane-based technologies for desalination, energy self-sufficiency, and high-efficiency water and wastewater treatment","volume":"452","year":"2019","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/pr7040184","article-title":"Performance of anaerobic baffled reactor for decentralized wastewater treatment in urban Malang, Indonesia","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2017.02.004","article-title":"Decentralized wastewater treatment systems: efficiency and its estimated impact against onsite natural water pollution status. A Romanian case study","volume":"108","year":"2017","journal-title":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection"},{"key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.08.032","article-title":"Assessment of a novel overflow-type electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) for wastewater treatment, energy recovery and membrane fouling mitigation","volume":"196","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2018.070","article-title":"Current status of reclaimed water in China: an overview","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032812534171300_WST-EM19893C99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility of on-site grey-water reuse for toilet flushing in China","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination"}],"container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/80\/11\/2091\/670537\/wst080112091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/80\/11\/2091\/670537\/wst080112091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T22:34:46Z","timestamp":1695681286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/80\/11\/2091\/72028\/Comparative-study-on-decentralized-treatment"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2020.039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}}}