{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:50:46Z","timestamp":1784199046790,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["Graduate Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Research Fellowship"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Population growth and climate change are exacerbating water scarcity. Graywater recycling could reduce water demand but it is not commonly practiced because of high treatment costs. Biochar, an emerging low-cost alternative sorbent with potential environmental benefits for graywater treatment, was compared to activated carbon (AC) for removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from graywater. The impact of pretreatments (coagulation, biodegradation) were also evaluated. Among five biochars tested, a wood-based biochar was the most effective for graywater treatment, but AC removed more DOC. Sorption resulted in a greater percent removal of ultraviolet (UV) absorbance than DOC or free chlorine demand. Graywater regulations could not be met by sorption alone but could be met with pretreatment before sorption. After biodegradation, irrigation and toilet flushing treatment targets could be achieved with AC doses less than 0.7 g\/L, while a biochar dose of about 1 g\/L was needed to achieve the irrigation treatment targets. For DOC removal, alum coagulation at a dose of 30 mg\/L was a less effective pretreatment than biodegradation. Pretreatment and sorption to decrease turbidity and increase UV transmittance could be effective for the potential use of UV disinfection, thus creating an effective graywater non-potable reuse approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T18:18:00Z","timestamp":1591726680000},"page":"2152-2162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Sorption, coagulation, and biodegradation for graywater treatment"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Kyle A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan W.","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Scott","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherri M.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2014.504","article-title":"Anaerobic\/aerobic treatment of greywater via UASB and MBR for unrestricted reuse","volume":"71","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Science & Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2012.903","article-title":"Potential impacts of on-site greywater reuse in landscape irrigation","volume":"65","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Science & Technology"},{"key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C3","first-page":"426","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative greywater characterization in Greek households and investigation of their treatment using physicochemical methods","volume":"454\u2013455","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C4","volume-title":"Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon., D2867, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA","author":"ASTM International","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C5","unstructured":"AWWA\n          2010\n          AWWA B600-10 Powdered Activated Carbon\n          AWWA, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000738","article-title":"Disinfection methods for treating low TOC, light graywater to California title 22 water reuse standards","volume":"139","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:3(209)","article-title":"Standardization of methods for fluence (UV dose) determination in bench-scale UV experiments","volume":"129","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Photocatalytic treatment of shower water using a pilot scale reactor","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Photoenergy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.675","article-title":"A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes","volume":"67","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Science & Technology"},{"key":"2020072313165010900_WST-EM191187C10","unstructured":"Bruursema\n            T.\n          \n          2011\n          \n            The new NSF 350 and 350-1\n          . 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