{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:34:49Z","timestamp":1753889689561,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1001\/PJJAUH\/8011028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/PJJAUH\/8011028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["203\/PKIMIA\/6711228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203\/PKIMIA\/6711228"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Many attempts have been made to improve the photocatalytic performance of immobilized photocatalysts for large-scale applications by modification of the photocatalyst properties. In this work, immobilized bilayer photocatalyst composed of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and chitosan\u2013montmorillonite (CS\u2013MT) were prepared in a layer-by-layer arrangement supported on glass substrate. This arrangement allows a simultaneous occurrence of adsorption and photocatalysis processes of pollutants, whereby each layer could be independently modified and controlled to acquire the desired degree of occurring processes. It was found that the addition of MT clay within the CS composite sub-layer improved the mechanical strength of CS, reduced its swelling and shifted its absorption threshold to higher wavelengths. In addition, the band gap energy of the photocatalyst was also reduced to 2.93 eV. The immobilized TiO2\/CS\u2013MT exhibited methyl orange (MO) decolourization rate of 0.071 min\u22121 under light irradiation, which is better than the single TiO2 due to the synergistic processes of adsorption by CS\u2013MT and photocatalysis by TiO2 layer. The MO dye took 6 h to achieve complete mineralization and produced sulfate and nitrate ions as the by-products. Furthermore, the immobilized TiO2\/CS\u2013MT could be reused for at least ten cycles of application without significant loss of its activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:53:03Z","timestamp":1596156783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced decolourization of methyl orange by immobilized TiO2\/chitosan-montmorillonite"],"prefix":"10.2166","author":[{"given":"Noor Nazihah","family":"Bahrudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Programme, School of Distance Education (SDE), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Asri","family":"Nawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zulkarnain","family":"Zainal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire R\u00e9actions et G\u00e9nie des Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumiyyah","family":"Sabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Programme, School of Distance Education (SDE), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-015-0914-y"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2017.08.054"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.100843"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2018.06.023"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11144-019-01536-6"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.36"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45908"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2014.04.003"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2019.1604815"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.04.049"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2018.02.012"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040675"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-018-2463-2"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45002"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8752015","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8752015","article-title":"Rapid photocatalytic degradation of pollutant from water under UV and sunlight via cellulose nanofiber aerogel wrapped by TiO2","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Nanomaterials"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app7050508"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.03.024"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2015.11.060"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.07.040"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2019.24629"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.457"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.125"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40243-017-0101-9"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-24","first-page":"131","article-title":"UV-Visible, mechanical and anti-microbial studies of chitosan-montmorillonite clay\/TiO2 nanocomposites","volume":"4","author":"Vijayalekshmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Research Journal of Recent Sciences"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2020.349-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2016.12.037"}],"container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.2166\/wst.2020.349\/725948\/wst2020349.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.2166\/wst.2020.349\/725948\/wst2020349.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T19:46:55Z","timestamp":1600976815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/doi\/10.2166\/wst.2020.349\/75717\/Enhanced-decolourization-of-methyl-orange-by"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2020.349","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0273-1223"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-9732"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"article-number":"wst2020349"}}