{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:22:03Z","timestamp":1790882523018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hospitals are considered an important factor in the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). The purpose of this research was to characterize the microbial populations in hospital wastewater and investigated the prevalence of \u03b2-lactamase, Sul\u0406 and QnrS resistance genes. In the first step, culture method was used to isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In the next step, accurate identification of isolated bacteria was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, then the resistance of the bacteria at different concentrations of antibiotics (8\u2013128 \u03bcg\/mL) was examined. Finally the ARGs were detected using the PCR method. The averages of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and ARB concentration in wastewater samples were 1.8 \u00d7 108 and 4.3 \u00d7 106 CFU\/100 mL, respectively. The highest resistance rates were found for sulfamethoxazole and the highest resistance rates in the \u03b2-lactamase group were for ceftazidime, while highest sensitivity was for gentamicin and there was no isolate that was sensitive to the studied antibiotics. Sul\u0406 and QnrS were the highest and lowest abundance of all ARGs in samples respectively and blaSHV was the highest \u03b2-lactam resistance gene. Our results indicated an increase in the resistance of identified bacteria to several antibiotics. So it can be concluded that numerous antibiotic-resistant pathogens and vast numbers of ARGs exist in the human body so that their release from hospitals without effective treatment can cause many dangers to the environment and human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2021.207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T13:44:49Z","timestamp":1622468689000},"page":"172-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-resistance genes of <i>Pseudomonas<\/i> spp. and <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> isolated from untreated hospital wastewater"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Baghal Asghari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 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