{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:16:15Z","timestamp":1790604975601,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004541","name":"Ministry of Human Resource Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5-5\/2014-TS.VII"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-5\/2014-TS.VII"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Food waste has been a complex component added to municipal solid waste, making it a major reason for the evolution of greenhouse gases, foul odour and a dwelling habitat for insects and microbes. Diversion of the mixed food waste (unsegregated) to useful materials (activated carbon) would have immense industrial significance. In this study, rice, vegetables, oil and spice (WCVR); mixed fruit peels including banana peel, pomegranate peel, orange peel and lemon peel (MFPW); plain rice (WCR) and mixed food waste (rice, dhal, vegetables, fruits, meat and bones) (MFW) were used. Food waste samples were heated at a temperature of 350 \u00b0C for 3 h in an incinerator and then activated with zinc chloride for 2 h in a muffle furnace maintained at 500\u2013600 \u00b0C temperature. Zinc chloride activated carbon was characterized through X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. WCR carbon was the best-activated carbon, yielding nanomaterials with 2\u03b8 = 25.81, 31.76, 34.41 and 56.54, which was in accordance with the JCPDS card number. The MFW activated carbon reduced the biodiesel wash water pH from 10 to 6.5 making it suitable for recycling. Turbidity was reduced by 98.41%, chemical oxygen demand by 41.33%, oil and grease by 99.05% for MFW carbon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2021.303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T12:03:43Z","timestamp":1627560223000},"page":"1170-1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Synthesis of zinc chloride activated eco-friendly nano-adsorbent (activated carbon) from food waste for removal of pollutant from biodiesel wash water"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Santhosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Energy Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. S.","family":"Dawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Energy Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India"},{"name":"Center for Waste Management, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24425\/jwld.2020.133041"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012003","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/464\/1\/012003","volume":"464","author":"Abdul-Hameed","year":"2020b","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie201477c"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.988660"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2014.897272"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.02.032"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.901189"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.126"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2005.02.013"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)62445-6"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.12.012"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2019.01.036"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2005.06.021"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8524(95)00031-9"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101317"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-16","first-page":"21","article-title":"Removal of methylene blue, rhodamine B and ammonium ion from aqueous solution by adsorption onto sintering porous materials prepared from coconut husk waste","volume":"5","author":"Dabwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open J. Inorg. Non-Met. Mater."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2018.02.001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.10.025"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263617417700635"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-20","first-page":"4125","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from olive wastes by physical and chemical activation: application to Indigo carmine adsorption","volume":"8","author":"Enaime","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.06.008"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical preparation of activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse and corn husk and its physical and chemical characteristics","volume":"2","author":"Guan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2010.0204"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125701"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.346"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-26","first-page":"129","article-title":"Food processing industries\u2019 waste: opportunities, technologies, challenges and future strategies","author":"Joshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotechnology in Agriculture and Environment"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-018-0817-5"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2016.09.012"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.07.034"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2015.03.009"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.626.887","article-title":"Preparation of activated carbon from durian shell and seed","volume":"626","author":"Mokhtar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2018.11.025"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101239"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.08.133"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-35","first-page":"39","article-title":"Municipal solid waste to energy conversion methodology as physical, thermal, and biological methods","volume":"2","author":"Pandey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Sci. Perspect"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2013.02.009"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2020.101874"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2012.6568"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-39","first-page":"173","article-title":"Development and characteristics of activated carbons from Jatropha husk, an agro industrial solid waste, by chemical activation methods","volume":"19","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.02.057"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2011.12.020"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-42","first-page":"100357","article-title":"Synthesis of activated carbon from Oleifera moringa for removal of oils and greases from the produced water","volume":"14","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.06.112"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.01.009"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.112993"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263617416684837"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118547"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.12.059"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2008.05.005"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(00)00029-4"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145453"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2021.303-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-020-01419-6"}],"container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/84\/5\/1170\/936030\/wst084051170.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/84\/5\/1170\/936030\/wst084051170.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T19:50:57Z","timestamp":1631908257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/84\/5\/1170\/83248\/Synthesis-of-zinc-chloride-activated-eco-friendly"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2021.303","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]}}}