{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:19:34Z","timestamp":1778199574725,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The limiting factor in wide-scale application of membranes for wastewater treatment is membrane fouling. Coagulation has emerged as an effective technique for fouling control. In this research, municipal wastewater was treated using a two-stage treatment. In stage-1, chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) was rendered using an optimum dose of two coagulants, i.e. alum, ferric chloride and a 1:1 mix of both. The optimum doses for coagulants were determined using a\u00a0jar test. In stage-2, a nanofiltration (NF) membrane was used to further treat the effluent from stage-1. In CEPT, the 1:1 mixture of coagulants showed maximum removals, i.e. 75\u201377% for the total suspended solids and 73\u201375% for the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Stage-2 provided 85\u201395% removals for turbidity (0.88 nephelometric turbidity units), COD (41 mg\/L), total dissolved solids (101 mg\/L), hardness (11 mg\/L as CaCO3), chlorides (80 mg\/L), and heavy metals (copper [0.03 mg\/L] and lead [0.02 mg\/L]). The operational time of the NF membrane was 46 min, 55 min and 70 min using alum, ferric chloride, and mix (1:1), respectively. Significant reduction was observed in membrane fouling for 1:1 mixture of coagulants. The effluent met the US Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for non-potable reuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2022.340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T13:21:29Z","timestamp":1666358489000},"page":"2375-2384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fouling reduction in nanofiltration membranes in the treatment of municipal sewage \u2013 effect of coagulant type used for prior chemically enhanced primary treatment"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6451-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Fida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47080, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6634-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajjad","family":"Haydar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zeeshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, Berlin 12307, Germany"},{"name":"d Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Water Treatment, KF4, Str. des 17. 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