{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:55:47Z","timestamp":1791392147223,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000147","name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-1944664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-1944664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) occur when untreated raw sewage mixed with rainwater, runoff, or snowmelt is released during or after a storm in any community with a combined sewer system (CSS). Climate change makes CSOs worse in many locales; as the frequency and severity of wet weather events increases, so do the frequency and volume of CSO events. CSOs pose risks to humans and the environment, and as such, CSS communities are under regulatory pressure to reduce CSOs. Yet, CSS communities lack the tools needed, such as performance indicators, to assess CSS performance. Using the city of Cumberland, Maryland as a case study, we use public data on CSOs and precipitation over a span of 16 years to identify a new critical rainfall intensity threshold that triggers likely CSO incidence, and a multiple linear regression model to predict CSO volume using rainfall event characteristics. Together, this indicator and modeling approach can help CSS communities assess the performance of their CSS over time, especially to evaluate the effectiveness of efforts to reduce CSOs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2022.362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T15:53:56Z","timestamp":1667490836000},"page":"2848-2860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Regression modeling of combined sewer overflows to assess system performance"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1587-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"A. Bizer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Rd, Unit 3037, Storrs, CT 06269-3037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2686-6764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine J.","family":"Kirchhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Rd, Unit 3037, Storrs, CT 06269-3037, USA"},{"name":"b Current address: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and School of Engineering Design and Innovation, Penn State University, 213 Hammond, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2014.912755","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of sewer overflow performance with climate change in northwest England","volume":"60","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrological Science Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000144","article-title":"Efficiency of storm detention tanks for urban drainage systems under climate variability","volume":"138","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.06.039","article-title":"Assessing the combined effects of urbanisation and climate change on the river water quality in an integrated urban wastewater system in the UK","volume":"112","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C4","first-page":"751","article-title":"Evaluation of combined sewer system operation strategies based on highly resolved online data","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C5","unstructured":"Bizer\n            M.\n           & KirchhoffC.2022Regression Modeling of Combined Sewer Overflows to Assess System Performance: Cumberland, MD Case Study Data. Available from: osf.io\/w42cb (accessed 19 September 2022)."},{"issue":"15","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1757957","article-title":"Combined sewer overflows: a critical review on best practice and innovative solutions to mitigate impacts on environment and human health","volume":"51","year":"2021","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C7","unstructured":"Cheng\n            Y.-D.\n          \n          2019\n          CSO Status in Maryland. Available from: https:\/\/www.potomacdwspp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CSO_ICPRB.pdf (accessed 31 October 2021)."},{"issue":"15","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5215","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-21-0637.1","article-title":"Human influence on seasonal precipitation in Europe","volume":"35","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.7930\/J0J964J6","article-title":"Precipitation change in the United States","volume-title":"Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment","author":"Wuebbles","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C10","unstructured":"Environmental Agency\n          2020\n          Consented Discharges to Controlled Waters with Conditions. Available from: https:\/\/www.data.gov.uk\/dataset\/55b8eaa8-60df-48a8-929a-060891b7a109\/consented-discharges-to-controlled-waters-with-conditions (accessed 14 September 2022)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014073","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000468","article-title":"Climate change impact on combined sewer overflows","volume":"141","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C12","article-title":"Assessment of climate, sizing, and location controls on green infrastructure efficacy: a timescale framework","volume":"56","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resources Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2021.447","article-title":"Statistical modelling of hydrological performance in a suite of green infrastructure practices","volume":"84","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"13","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.04.030","article-title":"Temporal variability of combined sewer overflow contaminants: evaluation of wastewater micropollutants as tracers of fecal contamination","volume":"47","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.09.012","article-title":"Relative influence of urban-development strategies and water management on mixed (separated and combined) sewer overflows in the context of climate change and population growth: a case study in Nantes","volume":"44","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C16","unstructured":"Maryland Department of the Environment\n          2005\n          Maryland Reported Sewer Overflow Database. maryland.gov. Available from: https:\/\/mde.maryland.gov\/programs\/water\/compliance\/pages\/reportedseweroverflow.aspx (accessed 30 April 2021)."},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C17","unstructured":"Maryland Department of the Environment\n          no date\n          Map of Maryland's 8-Digit Watersheds. Available from: https:\/\/mde.maryland.gov\/programs\/water\/tmdl\/datacenter\/pages\/8digitwatershed.aspx (accessed 30 June 2021)."},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C18","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"issue":"23","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C19","first-page":"3425","article-title":"A detention reservoir reduced combined sewer overflows and bathing water contamination due to intense rainfall","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725174","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2021.725174","article-title":"The impacts of climate change and porous pavements on combined sewer overflows: a case study of the City of Buffalo, New York, USA","volume":"3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Water"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C21","first-page":"707","article-title":"Beyond generic adaptive capacity: exploring the adaptation space of the water supply and wastewater sector of the Stockholm region, Sweden","volume":"114","year":"2012","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.524","article-title":"The evaluation of rainfall influence on combined sewer overflows characteristics: the Berlin case study","volume":"68","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swaqe.2015.05.001","article-title":"Technologic resilience assessment of coastal community water and wastewater service options","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2011.058","article-title":"Evaluation of effectiveness of combined sewer overflow control measures by operational data","volume":"63","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C25","first-page":"17","article-title":"A resilient waste water network","volume-title":"Shaping the Future of Your Water and Waste Water Services","author":"Scottish Water","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C26","first-page":"100","article-title":"The impacts of climate change and urbanisation on drainage in Helsingborg, Sweden: combined sewer system","volume":"350","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2313","article-title":"Trends in long daily rainfall series of Lombardia (northern Italy) affecting urban stormwater control","volume":"32","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Climatology"},{"issue":"75","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C28","first-page":"18688","article-title":"USEPA CSO control policy","volume":"59","author":"US Environmental Protection Agency","year":"1994","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C29","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency\n          2022a\n          Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs). Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/npdes\/combined-sewer-overflows-csos (accessed 15 September 2022)."},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C30","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency\n          2022b\n          Pollutant Loading Report (DMR) | ECHO | US EPA. Available from: https:\/\/echo.epa.gov\/trends\/loading-tool\/reports\/dmr-pollutant-loading\/?permit_id=MD0021598 (accessed 15 September 2022)."},{"key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C31","article-title":"NLDAS primary forcing data L4 hourly 0.125 ( 0.125 degree V002","volume-title":"NASA\/GSFC\/HSL","year":"2009"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022121411082055400_WST-D-22-00675C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04018061","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000972","article-title":"Simple method for calculating hydraulic behavior of combined sewer overflow from rainfall event data","volume":"144","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management"}],"container-title":["Water Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/86\/11\/2848\/1149287\/wst086112848.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/86\/11\/2848\/1149287\/wst086112848.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T11:22:51Z","timestamp":1671016971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/86\/11\/2848\/91816\/Regression-modeling-of-combined-sewer-overflows-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2022.362","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]}}}