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We examined some factors that add to the uncertainty associated with these two design steps in the urban environment. Delineated drainage areas at five GSI sites in southeastern Pennsylvania (PA) were compared for digital elevation model (DEM) resolutions (grid cell sizes) ranging from 8 to 300 cm. The findings point to an optimal DEM resolution range of 30\u201360 cm, with up to 100 cm resolution providing acceptable results for some sites. The delineated areas were validated with the observed flow and rainfall records at three sites by examining curve number (CN) values calculated for individual storms. The calculated CNs decreased with increasing rainfall volume, which supports a recommendation to consider a range of CNs in the GSI design process. The variation in calculated CNs was higher for the overestimated drainage areas derived from coarser DEM resolutions. We hypothesize that the observed continued decrease of CNs at high rainfall is the result of inlet bypass, a potentially significant factor in urban hydrology. The findings from this study provide insight into the variability in expected delineated drainage areas using standard methods in GSI design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2023.072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T11:43:49Z","timestamp":1678535029000},"page":"1349-1366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Variability of urban drainage area delineation and runoff calculation with topographic resolution and rainfall volume"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0370-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalya","family":"Sokolovskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Vaughn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humaira","family":"Jahangiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5640-8692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Wadzuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3992-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Ebrahimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W. Flagler St., Miami, FL 33174, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Nyquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Earth & Environmental Science, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021039","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001589","article-title":"Three-dimensional numerical modeling of urban green stormwater infrastructure curb inlets","volume":"147","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain Eng."},{"key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C300"},{"key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C2","first-page":"Article ID 8180158","article-title":"DEM resolution impact on the estimation of the physical characteristics of watersheds by using SWAT","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9110446","article-title":"Considering rain gauge uncertainty using kriging for uncertain data","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmosphere."},{"key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.10.012","article-title":"Assessing resolution and source effects of digital elevation models on automated floodplain delineation: a case study from the camp creek watershed, Missouri","volume":"34","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06021003","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001585","article-title":"Application of the curve-number method for varying rainfall amounts","volume":"147","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000552","article-title":"Hydraulic efficiency of grate and curb inlets for urban storm drainage","volume":"138","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. 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Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C35","unstructured":"Maryland Department of Environment (MDE). 2009Stormwater Design Manual. Available from: https:\/\/mde.maryland.gov\/programs\/water\/stormwatermanagementprogram\/pages\/stormwater_design.aspx (accessed 6\/25\/2021)."},{"key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1223","article-title":"Validity and extension of the SCS-CN method for computing infiltration and rainfall-excess rates","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C37","unstructured":"Mueller\n            T.\n          \n          2017\n          \n            Forensic Analysis of an Aged Infiltration Trench and Evaluation of its Retrofit\n          . 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Process."},{"key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C50","volume-title":"National Stormwater Calculator User's Guide \u2013 Version 1.2.0.1","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/jawr.12250","article-title":"A spatially explicit model for mapping headwater streams","volume":"51","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023072410520071700_WST-D-22-00729C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000759","article-title":"Hydraulic efficiency of grate and curb inlets for urban storm drainage","volume":"140","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. 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