{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T09:39:42Z","timestamp":1771493982105,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>Operation conditions considerably affect the removal efficiency of wastewater treatment systems, and yet we still lack data on how these systems function under extreme dilution rates and climatic conditions at high altitudes. Here, we applied two modified First-Stage French Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (FS-FVFCWs) for sewage treatment in Northern Tropical Andes. Specifically, within 18 months, we conducted a pilot-scale experiment at two hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) of 0.94 and 0.56 m d\u22121, representing 2.5 and 1.5 times the recommended design values, with two different feeding\/resting periods to investigate the impact of HLRs and operational strategy on system performance. We found that chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal was satisfactory, with average values of 53 \u00b1 18 and 69 \u00b1 16%, respectively. Moreover, reducing HLRs resulted in higher removal efficiency for COD, from 46 \u00b1 15 to 64 \u00b1 15%, but had no impact on TSS removal, with 3 days of feeding and 6 days of resting. For an equal time of feeding and resting, COD and TSS removals were not affected by the modified HLR. These findings suggest that high HLRs can be applied to FS-FVFCW without compromising the system operation and obtaining satisfactory results, leading to opportunities to reduce areas and costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2023.201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T12:21:54Z","timestamp":1687954914000},"page":"220-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Performance of modified first-stage French Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands under extreme operational conditions"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9202-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n","family":"Ar\u00e9valo-Durazno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad del Azuay, Av. 24 de Mayo 7-77 y Hern\u00e1n Malo, Cuenca, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0130-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Alejandro","family":"Garc\u00eda Zumalacarregui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Departamento de Recursos H\u00eddricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. V\u00edctor Albornoz y Calle de los Cerezos, Cuenca, Ecuador"},{"name":"c Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de Octubre y Diego de Tapia, Cuenca, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Narv\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Departamento de Recursos H\u00eddricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. V\u00edctor Albornoz y Calle de los Cerezos, Cuenca, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9125-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Departamento de Recursos H\u00eddricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. V\u00edctor Albornoz y Calle de los Cerezos, Cuenca, Ecuador"},{"name":"e Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. V\u00edctor Albornoz y Calle de los Cerezos, Cuenca, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"APHA\/AWWA\/WEF","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.057","article-title":"Influence of hydraulic loading rate and recirculation on oxygen transfer in a vertical flow constructed wetland","volume":"668","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C3","article-title":"Treatment wetlands","volume-title":"Biological Wastewater Treatment Series","year":"2017"},{"issue":"PB","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C4","first-page":"119398","article-title":"A critical review of wastewater quality variation and in-sewer processes during conveyance in sewer systems","volume":"228","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.355","article-title":"Performance of the first stage of the French system of vertical flow constructed wetlands with only two units in parallel: Influence of pulse time and instantaneous hydraulic loading rate","volume":"78","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.254","article-title":"Exploring the influence of meteorological conditions on the performance of a waste stabilization pond at high altitude with structural equation modeling","volume":"78","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"May 2019","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C7","first-page":"105769","article-title":"Biological water quality in tropical rivers during dry and rainy seasons: A model-based analysis","volume":"108","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C8","article-title":"Treatment wetlands","volume-title":"Treatment Wetlands","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C9","unstructured":"Lombard Latune\n            R.\n           & MolleP.2017Constructed Wetlands for Domestic Wastewater Treatment Under Tropical Climate: Guideline to Design Tropicalized Systems."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.444","article-title":"Performance and reliability comparison of French vertical flow treatment wetlands with other decentralized wastewater treatment technologies in tropical climates","volume":"82","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2014.009","article-title":"First stage of the French vertical flow constructed wetland system: Experiments with the reduction of surface area and number of units","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.10.002","article-title":"Effects of design and operational parameters on ammonium removal by single-stage French vertical flow filters treating raw domestic wastewater","volume":"97","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecological 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overloads","volume":"40","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.133","article-title":"French vertical-flow constructed wetland design: Adaptations for tropical climates","volume":"71","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.089","article-title":"Treatment performances of French constructed wetlands: Results from a database collected over the last 30 years","volume":"71","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.10.029","article-title":"Effect of climate, wastewater composition, loading rates, system age and design on performances of French vertical flow constructed wetlands: A survey based on 169 full scale systems","volume":"80","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C19","volume-title":"Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Treating Unscreened Sewage in the UK","year":"2016"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C20","article-title":"The state of the art of clogging in vertical flow wetlands","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138618","article-title":"Constructed wetlands for combined sewer overflow treatment: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"727","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C22","article-title":"Constructed wetlands in Latin America and the Caribbean: A review of experiences during the last 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wetlands","volume":"181\u2013182","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C26","volume-title":"Metcalf &Eddy\u202f: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse (Issue 7)","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140608","article-title":"French vertical flow treatment wetlands in a subtropical climate: Characterization of the organic deposit layer and comparison with systems in France","volume":"742","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"October 2017","key":"2023071505284123000_WST-D-23-00205C28","first-page":"88","article-title":"Development of the \u2018French system\u2019 vertical flow constructed wetland to treat raw domestic wastewater in India","volume":"113","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"}],"container-title":["Water Science &amp; 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