{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:22:22Z","timestamp":1767900142965,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52370166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52370166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha","award":["kq2208020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2208020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023JJ30126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>With the rapid expansion of industrial activities, chromium ions are discharged into the environment and cause water and soil pollution of various extents, which seriously endangers the natural ecological environment and human health. In this study, polyaniline\/polyvinyl alcohol\/amyloid fibril (PANI\/PVA\/AFL) composite gel beads (PPA) were prepared from polyaniline and amyloid fibrils with HCl as doping acid and PVA as a cross-linking agent. The results showed that PPA was an irregular composite bead with a diameter of 6 mm. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on the PPA gel beads followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, suggesting that chemical reactions were the controlling step in the Cr(VI) adsorption process. Though the Redlich\u2013Peterson isotherm model had the best fit for the adsorption data, the isothermal adsorption process can be simplified using the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) in water was 51.5 mg g\u22121, comparable to or even higher than some PANI-based nanomaterials. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was a spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-increasing process. Microscopic analysis revealed that the capture of Cr(VI) on PPA was mainly governed by electrostatic attraction, reduction, and complexation reactions. PPA can be used as a kind of effective remediation agent to remove Cr(VI) in water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2023.327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T12:01:52Z","timestamp":1697112112000},"page":"1944-1956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effective removal of Cr(VI) in water by bulk-size polyaniline\/polyvinyl alcohol\/amyloid fibril composite beads"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1970-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Research Institute of Hunan University in Chongqing, Chongqing 401120, China"},{"name":"b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"},{"name":"c Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"},{"name":"c Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinlin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"},{"name":"c Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2018.08.001","article-title":"Functionalized conjugated polymers for sensing and molecular imprinting applications","volume":"88","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c00716","article-title":"Self-assembly of poly(ethyleneimine)-modified g-C3N4 nanosheets with lysozyme fibrils for chromium detoxification","volume":"37","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124226","article-title":"Application of iron-biochar composite in topsoil for simultaneous remediation of chromium-contaminated soil and groundwater: Immobilization mechanism and long-term stability","volume":"405","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155791","article-title":"Efficient removal of aqueous Cr(VI) with ferrous sulfide\/N-doped biochar composites: Facile, in-situ preparation and Cr(VI) uptake performance and mechanism","volume":"837","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-016-1901-9","article-title":"Reduction of hexavalent chromium by green tea polyphenols and green tea nano zero-valent iron (GT-NZVI)","volume":"98","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445402","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aba658","article-title":"Polyaniline\/reduced graphene oxide foams as metal-free cathodes for stable lithium\u2013oxygen batteries","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-020-03712-0","article-title":"Conducting polymer-based electrically conductive adhesive materials: Design, fabrication, properties, and applications","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12602","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02566","article-title":"Adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI) together with Cr(III) sequestration by polyaniline confined in pores of polystyrene beads","volume":"52","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129945","article-title":"A metal-organic framework surrounded with conjugate acid-base pairs for the efficient capture of Cr(VI) via hydrogen bonding over a wide pH range","volume":"441","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123535","article-title":"Inorganic nanoparticles for reduction of hexavalent chromium: Physicochemical aspects","volume":"402","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8605","DOI":"10.1021\/es203101f","article-title":"Chromium contamination accident in China: Viewing environment policy of China","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.10.141","article-title":"Polyethyleneimine cross-linked graphene oxide for removing hazardous hexavalent chromium: Adsorption performance and mechanism","volume":"361","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104509","article-title":"Highly porous egg white\/polyethyleneimine hydrogel for rapid removal of heavy metal ions and catalysis in wastewater","volume":"149","year":"2020","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1091653","article-title":"High-performance and reproducible polyaniline nanowire\/tubes for removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution","volume":"115","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-016-1020-2","article-title":"Natural tea-leaf-derived, ternary-doped 3D porous carbon as a high-performance electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137396","article-title":"As(V) sorption from aqueous solutions using quaternized algal\/polyethyleneimine composite beads","volume":"719","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004932","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202004932","article-title":"Amyloid fibril-templated high-performance conductive aerogels with sensing properties","volume":"16","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123501","article-title":"Can epicatechin gallate increase Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction on ZIF-8?","volume":"391","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119044","article-title":"Accumulation of chromium in plants and its repercussion in animals and humans","volume":"301","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.09.084","article-title":"Fabrication of terminal amino hyperbranched polymer modified graphene oxide and its prominent adsorption performance towards Cr(VI)","volume":"363","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201300267","article-title":"An amyloid-fibril-based colorimetric nanosensor for rapid and sensitive chromium(VI) detection","volume":"78","year":"2013","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139009","article-title":"Key role of pore size in Cr(VI) removal by the composites of 3-dimensional mesoporous silica nanospheres wrapped with polyaniline","volume":"729","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127809","article-title":"Removal of Cr(VI) by polyaniline embedded polyvinyl alcohol\/sodium alginate beads \u2212 extension from water treatment to soil remediation","volume":"426","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17413","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm12329g","article-title":"Polyethyleneimine modified eggshell membrane as a novel biosorbent for adsorption and detoxification of Cr(VI) from water","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135393","article-title":"Cr(VI) immobilization in soil using lignin hydrogel supported NZVI: Immobilization mechanisms and long-term simulation","volume":"305","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.09.036","article-title":"Fe0-Fe3O4 nanocomposites embedded polyvinyl alcohol\/sodium alginate beads for chromium (VI) removal","volume":"262","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1021\/jp809796e","article-title":"Adsorption and desorption kinetics of anionic dyes on doped polyaniline","volume":"113","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-009-0099-y","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Cr(VI) on activities of soil enzymes","volume":"16","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Technol."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15602","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-05079-3","article-title":"Fabrication of bioactive corrosion-resistant polyaniline\/TiO2 nanotubes nanocomposite and their application in orthopedics","volume":"55","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b04234","article-title":"Assessing the binding performance of amyloid\u2013carbon membranes toward heavy metal ions","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907932","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201907932","article-title":"Amyloid fibrils aerogel for sustainable removal of organic contaminants from water","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1021\/sc5003209","article-title":"Polyaniline coated ethyl cellulose with improved hexavalent chromium removal","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-014-1979-9","article-title":"Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by nanoscale zero-valent iron grafted on acid-activated attapulgite","volume":"225","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10120386","article-title":"Preparation of a hybrid membrane from whey protein fibrils and activated carbon to remove mercury and chromium from water","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2005.08.019","article-title":"Producing adsorbents from sewage sludge and discarded tyres: Characterization and utilization for the removal of pollutants from water","volume":"114","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.244","article-title":"Novel chitosan based thin sheet nanofiltration membrane for rejection of heavy metal chromium","volume":"132","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125706","article-title":"A novel graphene oxide-dicationic ionic liquid composite for Cr(VI) adsorption from aqueous solutions","volume":"416","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2016.11.023","article-title":"Preparation of chitosan crosslinked modified silicon material and its adsorption capability for chromium(VI)","volume":"142","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.07.010","article-title":"Pretreatment effects on the sorption of Cr(VI) onto surfactant-modified zeolite: Mechanism analysis","volume":"162","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103160","article-title":"Adsorption of phenol and chromium (VI) from aqueous solution using exfoliated graphite: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.1021\/es803710k","article-title":"Removal of aqueous Hg(II) by polyaniline: Sorption characteristics and mechanisms","volume":"43","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.11.006","article-title":"Sono-assisted synthesis of nanostructured polyaniline for adsorption of aqueous Cr(VI): Effect of protonic acids","volume":"239","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-014-0395-6","article-title":"Combined adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution on polyaniline\/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite","volume":"32","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.11.057","article-title":"Improved photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by molybdenum disulfide modified with conjugated polyvinyl alcohol","volume":"359","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02885-0","article-title":"Chitosan modified molybdenum disulfide composites as adsorbents for the simultaneous removal of U(VI), Eu(III), and Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123967","article-title":"Immobilization of Cr(VI) contaminated soil using green-tea impregnated attapulgite","volume":"278","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2022.100161","article-title":"Remediation of high-concentration Cr(VI)-contaminated soils with FeSO4 combined with biostimulation: Cr(VI) transformation and stabilization","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.12.099","article-title":"Flexible core-shell\/bead-like alginate@PEI with exceptional adsorption capacity, recycling performance toward batch and column sorption of Cr(VI)","volume":"313","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134823","article-title":"Simultaneous adsorption of Cd(II) and As(III) by a novel biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in aqueous systems","volume":"708","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998","DOI":"10.1021\/ie1008794","article-title":"Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions using polyaniline doped with sulfuric acid","volume":"49","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.10.182","article-title":"Mechanism investigation of anoxic Cr(VI) removal by nano zero-valent iron based on XPS analysis in time scale","volume":"335","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2023111312251718000_WST-D-23-00194C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6030","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b14079","article-title":"Effective adsorption\/reduction of Cr(VI) oxyanion by halloysite@polyaniline hybrid nanotubes","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Water Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/88\/8\/1944\/1320477\/wst088081944.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/88\/8\/1944\/1320477\/wst088081944.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T12:25:51Z","timestamp":1699878351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/88\/8\/1944\/98080\/Effective-removal-of-Cr-VI-in-water-by-bulk-size"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2023.327","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]}}}