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Due to cost and space constraints, most of the existing experimental data on manholes come from scale model experiments obtained by scaling according to Froude's similarity criterion, and there is a lack of validation based on full-size experimental data. This also leads to inconsistencies in the form and parameter values of the manhole flow exchange equations derived from different experiments. To remedy this deficiency, a full-scale urban drainage engineering physics model was developed in this study with the aim of investigating the flow exchange of surface water as it flows through manholes into the sewer system. Experiments were conducted under steady flow conditions and compared with predictions from the existing models. The results show that the predictions of the existing model deviate significantly from the measured values when the flow is between free weir flow and submerged orifice flow. Therefore, we constructed a weighting equation based on weir and orifice flows and found that the weighting coefficients decayed exponentially during the transition from weir to orifice flow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2023.392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T10:31:48Z","timestamp":1701772308000},"page":"146-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Classification and description of the drainage state of manholes in urban drainage systems"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Dawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China"},{"name":"b Research Center on Flood and Drought Reduction, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4397-7906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dixi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3171-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"d Beijing Engineering Research Center of Safety and Energy Saving Technology for Water Supply Network System, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qigang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/p588","volume-title":"Applied Uncertainty Analysis for Flood Risk Management","author":"Beven","year":"2014"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2022.105480"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-3","volume-title":"The Human Cost of Disasters: An Overview of the Last 20 Years (2000\u20132019)","author":"Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction","year":"2020"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061859"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-5","article-title":"The urban inundation model with bidirectional flow interaction between 2D overland surface and 1D sewer networks","author":"Chen, A. S., Djordjevic, S., Leandro, J. & Savic, D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2005.0143"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w8110521"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8080288"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.09.001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2015.1057180"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2016.171"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000037"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-13","author":"Leandro, J., Carvalho, R. & Martins, R.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-14","first-page":"I_31","article-title":"Study on inlet discharge coefficient through the different shapes of storm drains for urban inundation analysis","volume":"68","author":"Lee, S., Nakagawa, H., Kawaike, K. & Zhang, H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Series B1 (Hydraulic Engineering)"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-23-1567-2019"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0521-x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(04)00373-7"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12244"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.06.020"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-20","volume-title":"Physical Scale Modelling of Urban Flood Systems","author":"Rubinato","year":"2015"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2023.392-21","unstructured":"Rubinato M., Shucksmith J. & Saul A. 2013 Interaction of above\/below urban grounds: an experimental facility developed to analyse computer modelling results. 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