{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T21:40:25Z","timestamp":1781818825166,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>Tire wear microrubber particles (TWMP) are a major source of environmental contamination. Degradation of TWMP is slow and leachates contain toxic constituents including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic additives. Few studies have addressed methods to mitigate the potential ecotoxicity of TWMP leachates. This study investigated the effects of UVC (254 nm) and combined UVC and vacuum UV (185 nm) treatment (VUV-UVC) of TWMP leachates on degradation and ecotoxicity. VUV-UVC treatment mitigated dissolved zinc and degraded the TWMP constituents fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene by up to 90%, and the additives benzothiazole and phthalates by up to 70%. The potential ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of TWMP constituents were examined before and after UV treatment in bioassays with Escherichia coli, the luminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata and the crustacean Daphia magna. VUV-UVC treatment decreased the potential ecotoxicity up to five-fold as indicated by changes in median effective concentrations (EC50). This was likely due to the formation of less toxic and less bioavailable transformation products. The VUV\/UVC treatment did not require the addition of oxidants or catalysts, and the study indicated a potential of VUV-UVC as an advanced oxidation process to mitigate toxic compounds in TWMP leachates from urban or industrial sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2024.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T13:09:31Z","timestamp":1704719371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of vacuum UV and UV-C treatment on degradation and ecotoxicity of tire wear microrubber leachates"],"prefix":"10.2166","author":[{"given":"Emil Bock","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Stavridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8994-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Roslev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(99)00102-9"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137823"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-3","first-page":"11","article-title":"Protocol for the determination of fluence (UV dose) using a low-pressure or low-pressure high-output UV lamp in bench-scale collimated beam ultraviolet experiments","volume":"17","author":"Bolton","year":"2015","journal-title":"IUVA News"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en","volume-title":"Primary Microplastics in the Oceans: A Global Evaluation of Sources","author":"Boucher","year":"2017"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115270"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-7","first-page":"524","article-title":"Effects of inorganics on the degradation of micropollutants with vacuum UV (VUV) advanced oxidation","volume":"52","author":"Duca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A \u2013 Toxic\/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/12_2022_118"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-9","unstructured":"Grigoratos T. & Martini G. 2014 Non-Exhaust Traffic Related Emissions. Brake and Tyre Wear PM. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 26648 EN. doi:10.2790\/21481."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135694"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-11","unstructured":"ISO 11348\u20131. 2007 Determination of the Inhibitory Effect of Water Samples on the Light Emission of Vibrio fischeri (Luminescent Bacteria Test). International Standards Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. Available from: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/40516.html."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-12","volume-title":"Water Quality \u2013 Determination of the Inhibition of the Mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) Acute Toxicity Test","author":"ISO 6341","year":"2012"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-13","volume-title":"Water Quality \u2013 Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test with Unicellular Green Algae","author":"ISO 8692","year":"2012"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101265"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2022.114355"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116360"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-021-03123-9"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4816849"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108047"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S106193481313008X"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112760"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117086"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9080185"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2018.03.0099"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-25","volume-title":"Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)","author":"United Nations","year":"2021"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.03.051"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.08.034"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144304"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2024.003-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.12.034"}],"container-title":["Water Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.2166\/wst.2024.003\/1351693\/wst2024003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.2166\/wst.2024.003\/1351693\/wst2024003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T19:20:52Z","timestamp":1706728852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/doi\/10.2166\/wst.2024.003\/99824\/Effect-of-vacuum-UV-and-UV-C-treatment-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2024.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"article-number":"wst2024003"}}