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The CIP-resistant E. coli and susceptible E. coli were removed by a 3 log smaller concentration by a 5 h contact test at maximum. Considering the hydraulic retention time of a reaction tank (\u223c5 h) and step-feeding operation, we considered the removal rate of E. coli in the current simulated contact test to be in agreement with the actual situation where 1\u20132 log concentrations of E. coli were reported to be removed from an AS reaction tank. With the increase in the AS concentration and\/or dissolved oxygen, the removal rate of E. coli increased. The removal rate of CIP-resistant E. coli was greater than that of susceptible E. coli under all experimental conditions. Although the mechanism by which CIP-resistant E. coli preferably adhered to AS was not clearly understood in detail, finding optimum conditions under which bacteria, including ARB, were efficiently removed by the AS process may be possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2024.134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T03:33:19Z","timestamp":1714188799000},"page":"2457-2467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Physicochemical parameters affecting the adhesion of ciprofloxacin-resistant <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> to activated sludge"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4068-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Nakaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 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